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The goal of this paper is to compare several widely used Bayesian model selection methods in practical model selection problems, highlight their differences and give recommendations about the preferred approaches. We focus on the variable…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-12-18 Juho Piironen , Aki Vehtari

In many real-world applications, we are interested in approximating black-box, costly functions as accurately as possible with the smallest number of function evaluations. A complex computer code is an example of such a function. In this…

Computation · Statistics 2022-03-22 Hossein Mohammadi , Peter Challenor , Daniel Williamson , Marc Goodfellow

Cross-validation (CV) is widely used for tuning a model with respect to user-selected parameters and for selecting a "best" model. For example, the method of $k$-nearest neighbors requires the user to choose $k$, the number of neighbors,…

Applications · Statistics 2012-03-01 Hui Shen , William J. Welch , Jacqueline M. Hughes-Oliver

In recent decades, multilevel regression and poststratification (MRP) has surged in popularity for population inference. However, the validity of the estimates can depend on details of the model, and there is currently little research on…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-09-07 Swen Kuh , Lauren Kennedy , Qixuan Chen , Andrew Gelman

Cross-validation is a common method for estimating the predictive performance of machine learning models. In a data-scarce regime, where one typically wishes to maximize the number of instances used for training the model, an approach…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-25 George I. Austin , Itsik Pe'er , Tal Korem

The growing use of model-selection principles in ecology for statistical inference is underpinned by information criteria (IC) and cross-validation (CV) techniques. Although IC techniques, such as Akaike's Information Criterion, have been…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-03-10 Luke Yates , Zach Aandahl , Shane A. Richards , Barry W. Brook

Cross-validation is a standard tool for obtaining a honest assessment of the performance of a prediction model. The commonly used version repeatedly splits data, trains the prediction model on the training set, evaluates the model…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-10 Tianyu Pan , Vincent Z. Yu , Viswanath Devanarayan , Lu Tian

We analyze the statistical properties of generalized cross-validation (GCV) and leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) applied to early-stopped gradient descent (GD) in high-dimensional least squares regression. We prove that GCV is…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-02-27 Pratik Patil , Yuchen Wu , Ryan J. Tibshirani

Estimating out-of-sample risk for models trained on large high-dimensional datasets is an expensive but essential part of the machine learning process, enabling practitioners to optimally tune hyperparameters. Cross-validation (CV) serves…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-04-28 Parth Nobel , Daniel LeJeune , Emmanuel J. Candès

We study the problem of out-of-sample risk estimation in the high dimensional regime where both the sample size $n$ and number of features $p$ are large, and $n/p$ can be less than one. Extensive empirical evidence confirms the accuracy of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-03-05 Kamiar Rahnama Rad , Wenda Zhou , Arian Maleki

Performance estimation aims at estimating the loss that a predictive model will incur on unseen data. These procedures are part of the pipeline in every machine learning project and are used for assessing the overall generalisation ability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-31 Vitor Cerqueira , Luis Torgo , Igor Mozetic

Many varieties of cross validation would be statistically appealing for the estimation of smoothing and other penalized regression hyperparameters, were it not for the high cost of evaluating such criteria. Here it is shown how to…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-06 Simon N. Wood

We present a weighted version of Leave-One-Out (LOO) cross-validation for estimating the Integrated Squared Error (ISE) when approximating an unknown function by a predictor that depends linearly on evaluations of the function over a finite…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-27 Luc Pronzato , Maria-João Rendas

Cross-Validation (CV), and out-of-sample performance-estimation protocols in general, are often employed both for (a) selecting the optimal combination of algorithms and values of hyper-parameters (called a configuration) for producing the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-08-28 Ioannis Tsamardinos , Elissavet Greasidou , Michalis Tsagris , Giorgos Borboudakis

We propose a simple method for evaluating the model that has been chosen by an adaptive regression procedure, our main focus being the lasso. This procedure deletes each chosen predictor and refits the lasso to get a set of models that are…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-06-06 Leying Guan , Robert Tibshirani

We consider predictive checking for Bayesian model assessment using leave-one-out probability integral transform (LOO-PIT). LOO-PIT values are conditional cumulative predictive probabilities given LOO predictive distributions and…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-14 Herman Tesso , Aki Vehtari

Cross-validation is one of the most popular model selection methods in statistics and machine learning. Despite its wide applicability, traditional cross validation methods tend to select overfitting models, due to the ignorance of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-12-25 Jing Lei

We consider the parametric learning problem, where the objective of the learner is determined by a parametric loss function. Employing empirical risk minimization with possibly regularization, the inferred parameter vector will be biased…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-11-16 Ahmad Beirami , Meisam Razaviyayn , Shahin Shahrampour , Vahid Tarokh

We present a novel method for tuning the regularization hyper-parameter, $\lambda$, of a ridge regression that is faster to compute than leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) while yielding estimates of the regression parameters of equal,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-06 Shu Yu Tew , Mario Boley , Daniel F. Schmidt

As a technique that can compactly represent complex patterns, machine learning has significant potential for predictive inference. K-fold cross-validation (CV) is the most common approach to ascertaining the likelihood that a machine…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-24 Juan M Gorriz , R. Martin Clemente , F Segovia , J Ramirez , A Ortiz , J. Suckling