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Given a dense triplet set $\mathcal{T}$, there arise two interesting questions: Does there exists any phylogenetic network consistent with $\mathcal{T}$? And if so, can we find an effective algorithm to construct one? For cases of networks…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2009-01-13 Thu-Hien To , Michel Habib

A normal (phylogenetic) network with $k$ reticulations displays $2^k$ phylogenetic trees. In this paper, we establish an analogous result for tree-child (phylogenetic) networks with no underlying $3$-cycles. In particular, we show that a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-20 Charles Semple , Kristina Wicke

Recently it was shown that a certain class of phylogenetic networks, called level-$2$ networks, cannot be reconstructed from their associated distance matrices. In this paper, we show that they can be reconstructed from their induced…

Phylogenetic trees and networks are graphs used to model evolutionary relationships, with trees representing strictly branching histories and networks allowing for events in which lineages merge, called reticulation events. While the…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2026-04-17 Martin Frohn , Niels Holtgrefe , Leo van Iersel , Mark Jones , Steven Kelk

Reticulate evolution gives rise to complex phylogenetic networks, making their interpretation challenging. A typical approach is to extract trees within such networks. Since Francis and Steel's seminal paper, "Which Phylogenetic Networks…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-05-20 Takatora Suzuki , Momoko Hayamizu

Rooted phylogenetic networks are rooted acyclic digraphs. They are used to model complex evolution where hybridization, recombination and other reticulation events play important roles. A rigorous definition of network compression is…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-03-05 Andreas D. M. Gunawan , Hongwei Yan , Louxin Zhang

A large class of phylogenetic networks can be obtained from trees by the addition of horizontal edges between the tree edges. These networks are called tree based networks. Reticulation-visible networks and child-sibling networks are all…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2015-09-09 Louxin Zhang

Phylogenetic networks generalize phylogenetic trees by representing reticulate evolution. Tree-based networks and their support trees have been extensively studied, but not all networks are tree-based. To measure how far such networks are…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2026-05-27 Takatora Suzuki

Phylogenetic networks are a generalization of phylogenetic trees that allow for the representation of non-treelike evolutionary events, like recombination, hybridization, or lateral gene transfer. In this paper, we present and study a new…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2007-08-28 Gabriel Cardona , Francesc Rossello , Gabriel Valiente

In recent decades, phylogenetic networks have become a standard tool in modeling evolutionary processes. Nevertheless, basic combinatorial questions about them are still largely open. For instance, even the asymptotic counting problem for…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-11-13 Michael Fuchs , Bernhard Gittenberger , Marefatollah Mansouri

Unrooted phylogenetic networks are graphs used to represent evolutionary relationships. Accurately reconstructing such networks is of great relevance for evolutionary biology. It has recently been conjectured that all phylogenetic networks…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-01-01 Péter L. Erdős , Leo van Iersel , Mark Jones

Tree-based phylogenetic networks, which may be roughly defined as leaf-labeled networks built by adding arcs only between the original tree edges, have elegant properties for modeling evolutionary histories. We answer an open question of…

Normal networks are an important class of phylogenetic networks that have compelling mathematical properties which align with intuition about inference from genetic data. While tools enabling widespread use of phylogenetic networks in the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-12-16 Andrew Francis , Charles Semple

The reconstruction of phylogenetic networks is an important but challenging problem in phylogenetics and genome evolution, as the space of phylogenetic networks is vast and cannot be sampled well. One approach to the problem is to solve the…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2023-04-14 Louxin Zhang , Niloufar Abhari , Caroline Colijn , Yufeng Wu

Rooted phylogenetic networks are used by biologists to infer and represent complex evolutionary relationships between species that cannot be accurately explained by a phylogenetic tree. Tree-child networks are a particular class of rooted…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-09-02 Janosch Döcker , Simone Linz

Tree-child networks are one of the most prominent network classes for modeling evolutionary processes which contain reticulation events. Several recent studies have addressed counting questions for bicombining tree-child networks in which…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-03-26 Yu-Sheng Chang , Michael Fuchs , Hexuan Liu , Michael Wallner , Guan-Ru Yu

Semi-directed networks are partially directed graphs that model evolution where the directed edges represent reticulate evolutionary events. We present an algorithm that reconstructs binary $n$-leaf semi-directed level-1 networks in $O(…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2025-07-24 Martin Frohn , Niels Holtgrefe , Leo van Iersel , Mark Jones , Steven Kelk

Phylogenetic networks generalize phylogenetic trees, and have been introduced in order to describe evolution in the case of transfer of genetic material between coexisting species. There are many classes of phylogenetic networks, which can…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-03-13 Mathilde Bouvel , Philippe Gambette , Marefatollah Mansouri

Rooted phylogenetic networks provide a more complete representation of the ancestral relationship between species than phylogenetic trees when reticulate evolutionary processes are at play. One way to reconstruct a phylogenetic network is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-12-02 Allan Bai , Peter Erdos , Charles Semple , Mike Steel

A directed phylogenetic network is tree-child if every non-leaf vertex has a child that is not a reticulation. As a class of directed phylogenetic networks, tree-child networks are very useful from a computational perspective. For example,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-10 Leo van Iersel , Mark Jones , Simone Linz , Norbert Zeh