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ICD coding is designed to assign the disease codes to electronic health records (EHRs) upon discharge, which is crucial for billing and clinical statistics. In an attempt to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of manual coding, many…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Zichen Liu , Xuyuan Liu , Yanlong Wen , Guoqing Zhao , Fen Xia , Xiaojie Yuan

Automated International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding assigns standardized diagnosis and procedure codes to clinical records, playing a critical role in healthcare systems. However, existing methods face challenges such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Mucheng Ren , He Chen , Yuchen Yan , Danqing Hu , Jun Xu , Xian Zeng

Human coders assign standardized medical codes to clinical documents generated during patients' hospitalization, which is error-prone and labor-intensive. Automated medical coding approaches have been developed using machine learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Wei Sun , Shaoxiong Ji , Erik Cambria , Pekka Marttinen

Early identification of patients at risk for clinical deterioration in the intensive care unit (ICU) remains a critical challenge. Delayed recognition of impending adverse events, including mortality, vasopressor initiation, and mechanical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Binesh Sadanandan

Accurate Intensive Care Unit (ICU) outcome prediction is critical for improving patient treatment quality and ICU resource allocation. Existing research mainly focuses on structured data, e.g. demographics and vital signs, and lacks…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Yucheng Ruan , Daniel J. Tan , See Kiong Ng , Ling Huang , Mengling Feng

ICD-9 coding is a relevant clinical billing task, where unstructured texts with information about a patient's diagnosis and treatments are annotated with multiple ICD-9 codes. Automated ICD-9 coding is an active research field, where CNN-…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-27 Malte Feucht , Zhiliang Wu , Sophia Althammer , Volker Tresp

Given a deep learning model trained on data from a source site, how to deploy the model to a target hospital automatically? How to accommodate heterogeneous medical coding systems across different hospitals? Standard approaches rely on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Zhenbang Wu , Cao Xiao , Lucas M Glass , David M Liebovitz , Jimeng Sun

This study investigates the applicability of 3D dose predictions from a model trained on one modality to a cross-modality automated planning workflow. Additionally, we explore the impact of integrating a multi-criteria optimizer on adapting…

Medical Physics · Physics 2024-02-26 Gregory Szalkowski , Xuanang Xu , Shiva Das , Pew-Thian Yap , Jun Lian

Clinical information systems have become large repositories for semi-structured and partly annotated electronic health record data, which have reached a critical mass that makes them interesting for supervised data-driven neural network…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Markus Kreuzthaler , Bastian Pfeifer , Diether Kramer , Stefan Schulz

To improve the performance of Intensive Care Units (ICUs), the field of bio-statistics has developed scores which try to predict the likelihood of negative outcomes. These help evaluate the effectiveness of treatments and clinical practice,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-23 William Caicedo-Torres , Jairo Gutierrez

Clinical notes in electronic health records contain highly heterogeneous writing styles, including non-standard terminology or abbreviations. Using these notes in predictive modeling has traditionally required preprocessing (e.g. taking…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-18 Jonas Kemp , Alvin Rajkomar , Andrew M. Dai

This study investigates the feasibility and performance of federated learning (FL) for multi-label ICD code classification using clinical notes from the MIMIC-IV dataset. Unlike previous approaches that rely on centralized training or…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Binbin Xu , Gérard Dray

Recent advancements in natural language processing (NLP) have led to automation in various domains. However, clinical NLP often relies on benchmark datasets that may not reflect real-world scenarios accurately. Automatic ICD coding, a vital…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Abhijith R. Beeravolu , Mirjam Jonkman , Sami Azam , Friso De Boer

Data is one of the essential ingredients to power deep learning research. Small datasets, especially specific to medical institutes, bring challenges to deep learning training stage. This work aims to develop a practical deep multimodal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-26 Faik Aydin , Maggie Zhang , Michelle Ananda-Rajah , Gholamreza Haffari

ICD coding is the process of mapping unstructured text from Electronic Health Records (EHRs) to standardised codes defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) system. In order to promote trust and transparency, existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Mingyang Li , Viktor Schlegel , Tingting Mu , Wuraola Oyewusi , Kai Kang , Goran Nenadic

Although Machine Learning (ML) can be seen as a promising tool to improve clinical decision-making for supporting the improvement of medication plans, clinical procedures, diagnoses, or medication prescriptions, it remains limited by access…

This study aims to explore the implementation of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML) techniques to automate the coding of medical letters with visualised explainability and light-weighted local computer settings.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Jamie Glen , Lifeng Han , Paul Rayson , Goran Nenadic

This paper proposes a deep learning-based method to identify the segments of a clinical note corresponding to ICD-9 broad categories which are further color-coded with respect to 17 ICD-9 categories. The proposed Medical Segment Colorer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-28 Maha Alkhairy

Background: Elderly patients with MODS have high risk of death and poor prognosis. The performance of current scoring systems assessing the severity of MODS and its mortality remains unsatisfactory. This study aims to develop an…

Documentation errors increase healthcare costs and cause unnecessary patient deaths. As the standard language for diagnoses and billing, ICD codes serve as the foundation for medical documentation worldwide. Despite the prevalence of…

Sound · Computer Science 2018-11-28 Albert Haque , Corinna Fukushima