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Zeckendorf proved that every positive integer $n$ can be written uniquely as the sum of non-adjacent Fibonacci numbers. We use this to create a two-player game. Given a fixed integer $n$ and an initial decomposition of $n = n F_1$, the two…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2018-09-17 Paul Baird-Smith , Alyssa Epstein , Kristen Flint , Steven J. Miller

Zeckendorf proved that every positive integer $n$ can be written uniquely as the sum of non-adjacent Fibonacci numbers; a similar result holds for other positive linear recurrence sequences. These legal decompositions can be used to…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2022-11-29 Steven J. Miller , Eliel Sosis , Jingkai Ye

Zeckendorf proved that every positive integer $n$ can be written uniquely as the sum of non-adjacent Fibonacci numbers. We use this decomposition to construct a two-player game. Given a fixed integer $n$ and an initial decomposition of $n=n…

Zeckendorf's Theorem states that every positive integer can be uniquely represented as a sum of non-adjacent Fibonacci numbers, indexed from $1, 2, 3, 5,\ldots$. This has been generalized by many authors, in particular to constant…

Zeckendorf proved that every natural number $n$ can be expressed uniquely as a sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers, called its Zeckendorf decomposition. Baird-Smith, Epstein, Flint, and Miller created the Zeckendorf game, a two-player…

Zeckendorf proved that every positive integer can be expressed as the sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers. This theorem inspired a beautiful game, the Zeckendorf Game. Two players begin with $n \ 1$'s and take turns applying rules…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2019-09-05 Steven J. Miller , Alexandra Newlon

Zeckendorf proved that any positive integer has a unique decomposition as a sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers, indexed by $F_1 = 1, F_2 = 2, F_{n+1} = F_n + F_{n-1}$. Motivated by this result, Baird, Epstein, Flint, and Miller…

We introduce and analyze the ordered Zeckendorf game, a novel combinatorial two-player game inspired by Zeckendorf's Theorem, which guarantees a unique decomposition of every positive integer as a sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers.…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-31 Ivan Bortnovskyi , Michael Lucas , Steven J. Miller , Iana Vranesko , Ren Watson , Cameron White

Zeckendorf proved that every positive integer can be written uniquely as the sum of non-adjacent Fibonacci numbers. We further explore a two-player Zeckendorf game introduced in Baird-Smith, Epstein, Flint, and Miller: Given a fixed integer…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2020-07-01 Ruoci Li , Xiaonan Li , Steven J. Miller , Clayton Mizgerd , Chenyang Sun , Dong Xia , Zhyi Zhou

Edouard Zeckendorf proved that every positive integer $n$ can be uniquely written \cite{Ze} as the sum of non-adjacent Fibonacci numbers, known as the Zeckendorf decomposition. Based on Zeckendorf's decomposition, we have the Zeckendorf…

Zeckendorf proved that every positive integer can be written as a decomposition of non-adjacent Fibonacci numbers. Baird-Smith, Epstein, Flint, and Miller converted the process of decomposing an integer $n$ into a 2-player game, using the…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-08-28 Caroline Cashman , Steven J. Miller , Jenna Shuffleton , Daeyoung Son

Zeckendorf proved that every positive integer has a unique representation as a sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers. A natural generalization of this theorem is to look at the sequence defined as follows: for $n\ge 2$, let $F_{n,1} =…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2020-06-05 Hung Viet Chu

Zeckendorf's Theorem states that any positive integer can be written uniquely as a sum of non-adjacent Fibonacci numbers. We consider higher-dimensional lattice analogues, where a legal decomposition of a number $n$ is a collection of…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2018-09-18 Eric Chen , Robin Chen , Lucy Guo , Cindy Jiang , Steven J. Miller , Joshua M. Siktar , Peter Yu

A beautiful theorem of Zeckendorf states that every positive integer can be uniquely decomposed as a sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers $\{F_n\}$, where $F_1 = 1$, $F_2 = 2$ and $F_{n+1} = F_n + F_{n-1}$. For general recurrences…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2014-04-03 Philippe Demontigny , Thao Do , Archit Kulkarni , Steven J. Miller , David Moon , Umang Varma

Zeckendorf's Theorem states that any positive integer can be uniquely decomposed into a sum of distinct, non-adjacent Fibonacci numbers. There are many generalizations, including results on existence of decompositions using only even…

Zeckendorf's theorem states that every positive integer can be uniquely decomposed as a sum of nonconsecutive Fibonacci numbers, where the Fibonacci numbers satisfy $F_n=F_{n-1}+F_{n-2}$ for $n\geq 3$, $F_1=1$ and $F_2=2$. The distribution…

By Zeckendorf's theorem, an equivalent definition of the Fibonacci sequence (appropriately normalized) is that it is the unique sequence of increasing integers such that every positive number can be written uniquely as a sum of non-adjacent…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2014-09-02 Minerva Catral , Pari Ford , Pamela Harris , Steven J. Miller , Dawn Nelson

Every positive integer may be written uniquely as a base-$\beta$ decomposition--that is a legal sum of powers of $\beta$--where $\beta$ is the dominating root of a non-increasing positive linear recurrence sequence. Guided by earlier work…

An interesting characterization of the Fibonacci numbers is that, if we write them as $F_1 = 1$, $F_2 = 2$, $F_3 = 3$, $F_4 = 5, ...$, then every positive integer can be written uniquely as a sum of non-adjacent Fibonacci numbers. This is…

Zeckendorf's theorem states that every positive integer can be written uniquely as the sum of non-consecutive shifted Fibonacci numbers $\{F_n\}$, where we take $F_1=1$ and $F_2=2$. This has been generalized for any Positive Linear…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-08-05 Thomas C. Martinez , Steven J. Miller , Clayton Mizgerd , Jack Murphy , Chenyang Sun
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