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All previous tests of local realism have studied correlations between single-particle measurements. In the present experiment, we have performed a Bell experiment on three particles in which one of the measurements corresponds to a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 Philip Walther , Kevin J. Resch , Caslav Brukner , Anton Zeilinger

Bell's test, initially devised to distinguish quantum theory from local hidden variable models through {violations of local bounds}, is also a common tool for detecting entanglement. For this purpose, one can assume the quantum description…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-21 Liang-Liang Sun , Yong-Shun Song , Sixia Yu

We reject unjustified criticism of our published article [2209.07992] by Gill and Lambare [arXiv:2211.02481, arXiv:2208.09930]. They completely misinterpret the content and conclusions of this article. They construct a counterfactual…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-17 Marian Kupczynski

Scientific inquiry seeks causal explanations of observed phenomena. The Bell experiment provides a paradigmatic case, revealing correlations between spatially separated systems that no local model can reproduce. Such correlations, known as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 Mark Broom , Talel Naccache , Emmanuel M. Pothos , Christoph Gallus , Pawel Blasiak

Bell inequalities exclude a broad class of local hidden-variable explanations of quantum correlations. A recurring objection is that the usual Bell form is static, whereas real measuring devices may contain local memory, stochastic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Ming Yang

Nonlocality is a fascinating and counterintuitive aspect of Nature, revealed by the violation of a Bell inequality. The standard and easiest configuration in which Bell inequalities can be measured has been proposed by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-17 Enrico Pomarico , Jean-Daniel Bancal , Bruno Sanguinetti , Anas Rochdi , Nicolas Gisin

For a multipartite correlation experiment with an arbitrary number of settings and any spectral type of outcomes at each site, we introduce a single general representation incorporating in a unique manner all Bell-type inequalities for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-19 Elena R. Loubenets

The Hardy test of nonlocality can be seen as a particular case of the Bell tests based on the Clauser-Horne (CH) inequality. Here we stress this connection when we analyze the relation between the CH-inequality violation, its threshold…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-03 G. Lima , E. B. Inostroza , R. O. Vianna , J. -Å. Larsson , C. Saavedra

Most quantum information tasks based on Bell tests relie on the assumption of measurement independence. However, it is difficult to ensure that the assumption of measurement independence is always met in experimental operations, so it is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-05 Fen-Zhuo Guo , Ze-Tian Lv , Shi-Hui Wei , Qiao-Yan Wen

Imperfect detection efficiency remains one of the major obstacles in achieving loophole-free Bell tests over long distances. At the same time, the challenge of establishing a common reference frame for measurements becomes more pronounced…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-21 Paweł Cieśliński , Tamás Vértesi , Mateusz Kowalczyk , Wiesław Laskowski

Two important ingredients necessary for obtaining Bell nonlocal correlations between two spatially separated parties are an entangled state shared between them and an incompatible set of measurements employed by each of them. We focus on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-26 Priya Ghosh , Chirag Srivastava , Swati Choudhary , Ujjwal Sen

Bell inequalities have traditionally been used to demonstrate that quantum theory is nonlocal, in the sense that there exist correlations generated from composite quantum states that cannot be explained by means of local hidden variables.…

In a recent article [Phys. Rev. A 111, 022204 (2025)], Genovese and Piacentini analyzed recent experiments measuring what they call "the entire Bell-CHSH parameter". They claimed those experiments may have implications for interpreting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-09 Justo Pastor Lambare

Bell's theorem asserts that no model that satisfies all of the plausible physical assumptions of outcome independence (OI), measurement independence (MI) and Parameter Independence (PI) can reproduce quantum mechanics. Here I find the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-15 Moji Ghadimi

The assumption of free will - the ability of an experimentalist to make random choices - is central to proving the indeterminism of quantum resources, the primary tool in quantum cryptography. Relaxing the assumption in a Bell test allows…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-12-30 James E. Pope , Alastair Kay

In the analysis of experiments designed to reveal violation of Bell-type inequalities, it is usually assumed that any hidden variables associated with the nth particle pair would be independent of measurement choices and outcomes for the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Jonathan Barrett , Daniel Collins , Lucien Hardy , Adrian Kent , Sandu Popescu

A simple classical, deterministic, local situation violating the Bell inequality is described. The detectors used in the experiment are ideal and the observers who decide which pair of measuring devices to choose for a given pair of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-09-25 Marek Czachor

Bell's theorem is typically understood as the proof that quantum theory is incompatible with local-hidden-variable models. More generally, we can see the violation of a Bell inequality as witnessing the impossibility of explaining quantum…

Construed as an argument against hidden variable theories, Bell's Theorem assumes that hidden variables would be independent of future measurement settings. This Independence Assumption (IA) is rarely questioned. Bell considered relaxing it…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Huw Price

Bell's theorem states that no local realistic explanation of quantum mechanical predictions is possible, in which the experimenter has a freedom to choose between different measurement settings. Within a local realistic picture the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Johannes Kofler , Tomasz Paterek , Caslav Brukner