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If nonlocality is to be inferred from a violation of Bell's inequality, an important assumption is that the measurement settings are freely chosen by the observers, or alternatively, that they are random and uncorrelated with the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-29 Jonathan Barrett , Nicolas Gisin

Many typical Bell experiments can be described as follows. A source repeatedly distributes particles among two spacelike separated observers. Each of them makes a measurement, using an observable randomly chosen out of several possible…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-01-08 Michael Epping , Hermann Kampermann , Dagmar Bruß

It is widely accepted that the violation of Bell inequalities excludes local theories of the quantum realm. This paper presents a new derivation of the inequalities from non-trivial non-local theories and formulates a stronger Bell argument…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-06 Paul M. Näger

We construct a simple algorithm to generate any CHSH type Bell inequality involving a party with two local binary measurements from two CHSH type inequalities without this party. The algorithm readily generalizes to situations, where the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Yu-Chun Wu , Piotr Badziag , Marek Żukowski

The Bell inequality is thought to be a common constraint shared by all models of local hidden variables that aim to describe the entangled states of two qubits. Since the inequality is violated by the quantum mechanical description of these…

General Physics · Physics 2020-08-05 David H. Oaknin

This work investigates the implications of relaxing the measurement independence assumption in Bell's theorem by introducing a new class of local deterministic models that account for both particle preparation and measurement settings. Our…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-24 E. Aldo Arroyo

Bell's theorem is often said to imply that quantum mechanics violates local causality, and that local causality cannot be restored with a hidden-variables theory. This however is only correct if the hidden-variables theory fulfils an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-20 Jonte R. Hance , Sabine Hossenfelder , Tim N. Palmer

The majority of recent works investigating the link between non-locality and randomness, e.g. in the context of device-independent cryptography, do so with respect to some specific Bell inequality, usually the CHSH inequality. However, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-01-23 O. Nieto-Silleras , S. Pironio , J. Silman

Alice and Bob each have half of a pair of entangled qubits. Bob measures his half and then passes his qubit to a second Bob who measures again and so on. The goal is to maximize the number of Bobs that can have an expected violation of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-02 Peter J. Brown , Roger Colbeck

This Comment argues that two assumptions, which are presented as basic assumptions of Bell's theorem in [J. Handsteiner et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 060401 (2017)] and elsewhere, in fact follow from more basic premises. Measurement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-05-12 Nathan Argaman

Recently, it was demonstrated by Son et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. \textbf{102}, 110404 (2009), that a separable bipartite continuous variable quantum system can violate the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality via operationally local…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-29 Mark S. Williamson , Libby Heaney , Wonmin Son

Bell's theorem states that no description of a Bell experiment can be simultaneously local, realistic in the sense of counterfactual definiteness, and free of conspiracy between settings and hidden state. The recent generation of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-15 Richard D Gill , Inge S. Helland , Bart Jongejan

Bell's theorem states that some predictions of quantum mechanics cannot be reproduced by a local-realist theory. That conflict is expressed by Bell's inequality, which is usually derived under the assumption that there are no statistical…

The question of certifying quantum nonlocality under a relaxation of the assumptions in the Bell theorem has gained traction, with potential for device-independent applications under weak seeds and cross-talk. Recently, it was shown that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-23 Ravishankar Ramanathan , Yuan Liu

Almost all Bell-inequality experiments to date have used postselection, and therefore relied on the fair sampling assumption for their interpretation. The standard form of the fair sampling assumption is that the loss is independent of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-01-29 Dominic W. Berry , Hyunseok Jeong , Magdalena Stobinska , Timothy C. Ralph

Bell inequalities may only be derived, if hidden variables do not depend on the experimental settings. The stochastic independence of hidden and setting variables is called: freedom of choice, free will, measurement independence or no…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-01 Marian Kupczynski

Bell's inequality sets a strict threshold for how strongly correlated the outcomes of measurements on two or more particles can be, if the outcomes of each measurement are independent of actions undertaken at arbitrarily distant locations.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-24 David I. Kaiser

Besides well-known conditions of locality or factorisability, deriving the Bell inequalities requires assuming that the distribution of hidden variables and Alice's and Bob's measurement settings be independent of each other. We show that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-13 G. Bacciagaluppi , R. Hermens , G. Leegwater

Bell inequalities are consequences of local realism while violated by quantum mechanics. In particle physics, entangled high energy particles can be produced from a common source, and the decay of each particle plays the role of…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2020-09-22 Yu Shi , Ji-Chong Yang

It is well known that the effect of quantum nonlocality, as witnessed by violation of a Bell inequality, can be observed even when relaxing the assumption of measurement independence, i.e. allowing for the source to be partially correlated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-17 Ivan Šupić , Jean-Daniel Bancal , Nicolas Brunner