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Reliably predicting the products of chemical reactions presents a fundamental challenge in synthetic chemistry. Existing machine learning approaches typically produce a reaction product by sequentially forming its subparts or intermediate…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2021-06-16 Hangrui Bi , Hengyi Wang , Chence Shi , Connor Coley , Jian Tang , Hongyu Guo

Accurately predicting chemical reaction outcomes and potential byproducts is a fundamental task of modern chemistry, enabling the efficient design of synthetic pathways and driving progress in chemical science. Reaction mechanism, which…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2025-03-14 Shuan Chen , Kye Sung Park , Taewan Kim , Sunkyu Han , Yousung Jung

Chemical reaction mechanisms are the foundation of how chemists evaluate reactivity and feasibility, yet current Computer-Assisted Synthesis Planning (CASP) systems operate without this mechanistic reasoning. We introduce a computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Théo A. Neukomm , Zlatko Jončev , Philippe Schwaller

Reaction prediction is a fundamental problem in computational chemistry. Existing approaches typically generate a chemical reaction by sampling tokens or graph edits sequentially, conditioning on previously generated outputs. These…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2021-02-08 Hangrui Bi , Hengyi Wang , Chence Shi , Jian Tang

The ability to reason beyond established knowledge allows Organic Chemists to solve synthetic problems and to invent novel transformations. Here, we propose a model which mimics chemical reasoning and formalises reaction prediction as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-12-27 Marwin H. S. Segler , Mark P. Waller

Identifying minimum-energy paths (MEPs) is crucial for understanding chemical reaction mechanisms but remains computationally demanding. We introduce MEPIN, a scalable machine-learning method for efficiently predicting MEPs from reactant…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2026-02-18 Juno Nam , Miguel Steiner , Max Misterka , Soojung Yang , Avni Singhal , Rafael Gómez-Bombarelli

Reaction prediction, a critical task in synthetic chemistry, is to predict the outcome of a reaction based on given reactants. Generative models like Transformer have typically been employed to predict the reaction product. However, these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Taicheng Guo , Changsheng Ma , Xiuying Chen , Bozhao Nan , Kehan Guo , Shichao Pei , Nitesh V. Chawla , Olaf Wiest , Xiangliang Zhang

Graph transformation systems have the potential to be realistic models of chemistry, provided a comprehensive collection of reaction rules can be extracted from the body of chemical knowledge. A first key step for rule learning is the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2016-04-22 Christoph Flamm , Daniel Merkle , Peter F. Stadler , Uffe Thorsen

According to density functional theory, any chemical property can be inferred from the electron density, making it the most informative attribute of an atomic structure. In this work, we demonstrate the use of established physical methods…

Materials Science · Physics 2023-09-12 Ethan M. Sunshine , Muhammed Shuaibi , Zachary W. Ulissi , John R. Kitchin

We address a fundamental problem in chemistry known as chemical reaction product prediction. Our main insight is that the input reactant and reagent molecules can be jointly represented as a graph, and the process of generating product…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-12-27 Kien Do , Truyen Tran , Svetha Venkatesh

Mapping the chemical reaction pathways and their corresponding activation barriers is a significant challenge in molecular simulation. Given the inherent complexities of 3D atomic geometries, even generating an initial guess of these paths…

Computational Physics · Physics 2025-01-24 Akihide Hayashi , So Takamoto , Ju Li , Yuta Tsuboi , Daisuke Okanohara

Finding representative reaction pathways is necessary for understanding mechanisms of molecular processes, but is considered to be extremely challenging. We propose a new method to construct reaction paths based on mean first-passage times.…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Sanghyun Park , Klaus Schulten

Central to our understanding of chemical reactivity is the principle of mass conservation, which is fundamental for ensuring physical consistency, balancing equations, and guiding reaction design. However, data-driven computational models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Joonyoung F. Joung , Mun Hong Fong , Nicholas Casetti , Jordan P. Liles , Ne S. Dassanayake , Connor W. Coley

I review the main features of the nuclear response extracted from electron scattering data. The emerging picture clearly shows that the shell model does not provide a fully quantitative description of nuclear dynamics. On the other hand,…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2009-11-10 Omar Benhar

Chemical reactions can be understood as transformations of multigraphs (molecules) that preserve vertex labels (atoms) and degrees (sums of bonding and non-bonding electrons), thereby implying the atom-atom map of a reaction. The…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-11-23 Christoph Flamm , Stefan Müller , Peter F. Stadler

Sampled structure sequences obtained, for instance, from real-time reactivity explorations or first-principles molecular dynamics simulations contain valuable information about chemical reactivity. Eventually, such sequences allow for the…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2018-04-25 Michael A. Heuer , Alain C. Vaucher , Moritz P. Haag , Markus Reiher

The essence of a chemical reaction lies in the redistribution and reorganization of electrons, which is often manifested through electron transfer or the migration of electron pairs. These changes are inherently discrete and abrupt in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Haitao Lin , Junjie Wang , Zhifeng Gao , Xiaohong Ji , Rong Zhu , Linfeng Zhang , Guolin Ke , Weinan E

Deep generative models have been shown powerful in generating novel molecules with desired chemical properties via their representations such as strings, trees or graphs. However, these models are limited in recommending synthetic routes…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Dai Hai Nguyen , Koji Tsuda

The problem of electron-proton scattering is handed over both the elastic and inelastic scattering. Two models are presented in this sense. The first, depends on the multi photon exchange ladder diagram, where the transition matrix is…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2007-05-23 M. T. Hussein , R. Elmualed , N. M. Hassan

The discovery of transition pathways to unravel distinct reaction mechanisms and, in general, rare events that occur in molecular systems is still a challenge. Recent advances have focused on analyzing the transition path ensemble using the…

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