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Molecule representation learning (MRL) methods aim to embed molecules into a real vector space. However, existing SMILES-based (Simplified Molecular-Input Line-Entry System) or GNN-based (Graph Neural Networks) MRL methods either take…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-23 Hongwei Wang , Weijiang Li , Xiaomeng Jin , Kyunghyun Cho , Heng Ji , Jiawei Han , Martin D. Burke

Organic reactions are usually assigned to classes containing reactions with similar reagents and mechanisms. Reaction classes facilitate the communication of complex concepts and efficient navigation through chemical reaction space.…

Deep generative models have recently been applied to molecule design. If the molecules are encoded in linear SMILES strings, modeling becomes convenient. However, models relying on string representations tend to generate invalid samples and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Bo Pang , Tian Han , Ying Nian Wu

Graph transformation formalisms have proven to be suitable tools for the modelling of chemical reactions. They are well established in theoretical studies and increasingly also in practical applications in chemistry. The latter is made…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2022-08-29 Jakob L. Andersen , Rolf Fagerberg , Juri Kolčák , Christophe V. F. P. Laurent , Daniel Merkle , Nikolai Nøjgaard

We develop a method of stochastic differential equation to simulate electron acceleration at astrophysical shocks. Our method is based on It\^{o}'s stochastic differential equations coupled with a particle splitting, employing a skew…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-03-09 Ryo Yamazaki , Tatsuo Yoshida , Yuka Tsuchihashi , Ryosuke Nakajima , Yutaka Ohira , Shohei Yanagita

Chemical reactions involve the movement of charges, and this work presents a mathematical model for describing chemical reactions in electrolytes. The model is developed using an energy variational method that aligns with classical…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2023-11-02 Shixin Xu , Robert Eisenberg , Zilong Song , Huaxiong Huang

We introduce a machine learning approach to determine the transition dynamics of silicon atoms on a single layer of carbon atoms, when stimulated by the electron beam of a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). Our method is…

We show that neural networks can be optimized to represent minimum energy paths as continuous functions, offering a flexible alternative to discrete path-search methods such as Nudged Elastic Band (NEB). Our approach parameterizes reaction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Kalyan Ramakrishnan , Lars L. Schaaf , Chen Lin , Guangrun Wang , Philip Torr

Chemical reaction sampling critically depends on collective variables (CVs) that capture the slow degrees of freedom governing reactive transformations. However, existing reaction CVs are often defined in geometric space or learned in a…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2026-04-01 YaoKun Lei , Yi Isaac Yang

Explicit-electron force fields introduce electrons or electron pairs as semi-classical particles in force fields or empirical potentials, which are suitable for molecular dynamics simulations. Even though semi-classical electrons are a…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2022-05-17 Maarten Cools-Ceuppens , Joni Dambre , Toon Verstraelen

Retrosynthesis involves determining a sequence of reactions to synthesize complex molecules from simpler precursors. As this poses a challenge in organic chemistry, machine learning has offered solutions, particularly for predicting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Mikołaj Sacha , Michał Sadowski , Piotr Kozakowski , Ruard van Workum , Stanisław Jastrzębski

Chemical reaction networks (CRNs) provide a convenient language for modelling a broad variety of biological systems. These models are commonly studied with respect to the time series they generate in deterministic or stochastic simulations.…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2019-07-11 Ozan Kahramanoğulları

Recent research in molecular discovery has primarily been devoted to small, drug-like molecules, leaving many similarly important applications in material design without adequate technology. These applications often rely on more complex…

Markov chains are simple yet powerful mathematical structures to model temporally dependent processes. They generally assume stationary data, i.e., fixed transition probabilities between observations/states. However, live, real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Kutalmış Coşkun , Borahan Tümer , Bjarne C. Hiller , Martin Becker

Mapping reaction pathways and transition states (TS) is fundamental to chemistry but computationally expensive at scale. The minimum energy pathway (MEP) dictates reaction rates and mechanisms, yet recovering it via electronic-structure…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2026-05-25 Rémi Schlama , Philippe Schwaller

The transport and chemical reactions of solutes are modelled as a cellular automaton in which molecules of different species perform a random walk on a regular lattice and react according to a local probabilistic rule. The model describes…

comp-gas · Physics 2009-10-22 T. Karapiperis , B. Blankleider

The central challenge in automated synthesis planning is to be able to generate and predict outcomes of a diverse set of chemical reactions. In particular, in many cases, the most likely synthesis pathway cannot be applied due to additional…

Analyzing synthesis pathways for target molecules in a chemical reaction network annotated with information on the kinetics of individual reactions is an area of active study. This work presents a computational methodology for searching for…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Adittya Pal , Rolf Fagerberg , Jakob Lykke Andersen , Peter Dittrich , Daniel Merkle

Mechanistic understanding of organic reactions can facilitate reaction development, impurity prediction, and in principle, reaction discovery. While several machine learning models have sought to address the task of predicting reaction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Joonyoung F. Joung , Mun Hong Fong , Jihye Roh , Zhengkai Tu , John Bradshaw , Connor W. Coley

Various representation learning methods for molecular structures have been devised to accelerate data-driven chemistry. However, the representation capabilities of existing methods are essentially limited to atom-level information, which is…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2026-02-10 Gyoung S. Na , Chanyoung Park