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We study a variant of the chip-firing game called \emph{diffusion}. In diffusion on a graph, each vertex of the graph is initially labelled with an integer interpreted as the number of chips at that vertex, and at each subsequent step, each…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-06-06 Jason Long , Bhargav Narayanan

We introduce a natural variant of the parallel chip-firing game, called the diffusion game. Chips are initially assigned to vertices of a graph. At every step, all vertices simultaneously send one chip to each neighbour with fewer chips. As…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2023-06-22 C. Duffy , T. F. Lidbetter , M. E. Messinger , R. J. Nowakowski

Chip-firing is a combinatorial game played on an undirected graph in which we place chips on vertices. We study chip-firing on an infinite binary tree in which we add a self-loop to the root to ensure each vertex has degree 3. A vertex can…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-10-02 Ryota Inagaki , Tanya Khovanova , Austin Luo

We study a two-person game played on graphs based on the widely studied chip-firing game. Players Max and Min alternately place chips on the vertices of a graph. When a vertex accumulates as many chips as its degree, it fires, sending one…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-05-09 A. Bonato , W. Kinnersley , P. Pralat

A new bound (Theorem \ref{thm:main}) for the duration of the chip-firing game with $N$ chips on a $n$-vertex graph is obtained, by a careful analysis of the pseudo-inverse of the discrete Laplacian matrix of the graph. This new bound is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-11-25 Felix Goldberg

The parallel chip-firing game is a periodic automaton on graphs in which vertices "fire" chips to their neighbors. In 1989, Bitar conjectured that the period of a parallel chip-firing game with n vertices is at most n. Though this…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-07-09 Tian-Yi Jiang

Burning and cooling are diffusion processes on graphs in which burned (or cooled) vertices spread to their neighbors with a new source picked at discrete time steps. In burning, the one tries to burn the graph as fast as possible, while in…

Originally proposed by Duffy et al., Diffusion is a variant of chip-firing in which chips from flow from places of high concentration to places of low concentration. In the variant, Perturbation Diffusion, the first step involves a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-03-31 Danielle Cox , Todd Mullen , Richard Nowakowski

Chip-firing is a combinatorial game played on a graph in which we place and disperse chips on vertices until a stable state is reached. We study a chip-firing variant played on an infinite rooted directed $k$-ary tree, where we place…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-10-31 Ryota Inagaki , Tanya Khovanova , Austin Luo

This work is concerned with the study of the Game of Graph Nim -- a class of two-player combinatorial games -- on graphs with $4$ edges. To each edge of such a graph is assigned a positive-integer-valued edge-weight, and during each round…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-08 Sayar Karmakar , Moumanti Podder , Souvik Roy , Soumyarup Sadhukhan

Chip-firing on a directed graph is a game in which chips, a discrete commodity, are placed on the vertices of the graph and are transferred between vertices. In this paper, we study a chip-firing game on the Hasse diagram of the lattice of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-01-15 Ryota Inagaki , Tanya Khovanova , Austin Luo

Graph burning is a discrete-time process that models the spread of influence in a network. Vertices are either burning or unburned, and in each round, a burning vertex causes all of its neighbours to become burning before a new fire source…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-09-24 Karen Gunderson , William Kellough , JD Nir , Hritik Punj

Chip-firing is a combinatorial game played on a graph, in which chips are placed and dispersed on the vertices until a stable configuration is achieved. We study a chip-firing variant on an infinite, rooted directed $k$-ary tree, where we…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-06-26 Ryota Inagaki , Tanya Khovanova , Austin Luo

Baker and Norine introduced a graph-theoretic analogue of the Riemann-Roch theory. A central notion in this theory is the rank of a divisor. In this paper we prove that computing the rank of a divisor on a graph is NP-hard. The…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-12-22 Viktor Kiss , Lilla Tóthmérész

Graph burning studies how fast a contagion, modeled as a set of fires, spreads in a graph. The burning process takes place in synchronous, discrete rounds. In each round, a fire breaks out at a vertex, and the fire spreads to all vertices…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-11-05 Anthony Bonato , Sean English , Bill Kay , Daniel Moghbel

It is conjectured that the game domination number is at most $3n/5$ for every $n$-vertex graph which does not contain isolated vertices. It was proved in the recent years that the conjecture holds for several graph classes, including the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-02-04 Csilla Bujtás

Neighborhood Lights Out is a game played on graphs. Begin with a graph and a vertex labeling of the graph from the set $\{0,1,2,\dots, \ell-1\}$ for $\ell \in \mathbb{N}$. The game is played by toggling vertices: when a vertex is toggled,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-07-08 Lauren Keough , Darren Parker

Consider an undirected graph modeling a social network, where the vertices represent users, and the edges do connections among them. In the competitive diffusion game, each of a number of players chooses a vertex as a seed to propagate…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2014-12-11 Takehiro Ito , Yota Otachi , Toshiki Saitoh , Hisayuki Satoh , Akira Suzuki , Kei Uchizawa , Ryuhei Uehara , Katsuhisa Yamanaka , Xiao Zhou

Consider a distribution of pebbles on a connected graph $G$. A pebbling move removes two pebbles from a vertex and places one to an adjacent vertex. A vertex is reachable under a pebbling distribution if it has a pebble after the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-04-12 Andrzej Czygrinow , Glenn Hurlbert , Gyula Y. Katona , László F. Papp

Chip-firing is a combinatorial game on a graph, in which chips are placed and dispersed among its vertices until a stable configuration is achieved. We specifically study a chip-firing variant on an infinite, rooted, directed $k$-ary tree…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-01-14 Ryota Inagaki , Tanya Khovanova , Austin Luo
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