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Unencapsulated, exfoliated black phosphorus (BP) flakes are found to chemically degrade upon exposure to ambient conditions. Atomic force microscopy, electrostatic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron…
Since its discovery, the environmental instability of exfoliated black phosphorus (2D bP) has emerged as a challenge that hampers its wide application in chemistry, physics, and materials science. Many studies have been carried out to…
Few-layer and thin film forms of layered black phosphorus (BP) have recently emerged as a promising material for applications in high performance nanoelectronics and infrared optoelectronics. Layered BP thin film offers a moderate bandgap…
Atomic layers of black phosphorus (P) isolated from its layered bulk make a new two-dimensional (2D) semiconducting crystal with sizable direct bandgap, high carrier mobility, and promises for 2D electronics and optoelectronics. However,…
Black phosphorous (BP) is is recently unveiled as a promising two-dimensional direct bandgap semiconducting material. Here, we report the ambipolar field effect transistor behavior of multilayers of BP with ferromagnetic tunnel contacts. We…
We report a straightforward chemical methodology for controlling the thickness of black phosphorus flakes down to the monolayer limit by layer-by-layer oxidation and thinning, using water as solubilizing agent. Moreover, the oxidation…
Although monolayer black phosphorus (BP) or phosphorene has been successfully exfoliated and its optical properties have been explored, most of electrical performance of the devices is demonstrated on few-layer phosphorene and ultra-thin BP…
Black phosphorous (BP) is one of the most interesting layered materials, bearing promising potential for emerging electronic and optoelectronic device technologies. The crystalline structure of BP displays in-plane anisotropy in addition to…
Atomically thin black phosphorus (BP) field-effect transistors show strong-weak localization transition which is tunable through gate voltages. Hopping transports through charge impurity induced localized states are measured at low-carrier…
The photovoltaic effect is one of the fundamental light-matter interactions in light energy harvesting. In conventional photovoltaic solar cells, the photogenerated charge carriers are extracted by the built-in electric field of a PN…
The layered semiconductor black phosphorus has attracted attention as a 2D atomic crystal that can be prepared in ultra-thin layers for operation as field effect transistors. Despite the susceptibility of black phosphorus to…
We investigated the out-of-plane magnetoresistance of pressurized black phosphorus (BP) with a longitudinal field configuration. Despite the absence of the Lorentz force in the present configuration, we observed a significant enhancement of…
Black phosphorus (BP) has recently emerged as a promising narrow band gap layered semiconductor with optoelectronic properties that bridge the gap between semi-metallic graphene and wide band gap transition metal dichalcogenides such as…
This paper reviews the emergence and progress of phosphorene FETs, all within about a year. In such a short time, back-gated FETs evolved into top-gated FETs, gate length was reduced to the sub-micron range, passivation by high-k…
Black phosphorus (BP) is a two-dimensional layered material composed of phosphorus atoms. Recently, it was demonstrated that external perturbations such as an electric field close the band gap in few-layer BP, and can even induce a band…
The electric field effect is a useful means of elucidating intrinsic material properties as well as for designing functional devices. The electric-double-layer transistor (EDLT) enables the control of carrier density in a wide range, which…
We report ambipolar transport properties in black phosphorus using an electric-double-layer transistor (EDLT) configuration. The transfer curve clearly exhibits ambipolar transistor behavior with an ON-OFF ratio of 5*10^3. The band gap was…
Black phosphorus (bP) is the second known elemental allotrope with a layered crystal structure that can be mechanically exfoliated down to atomic layer thickness. We have fabricated bP naked quantum wells in a back-gated field effect…
Two-dimensional crystals have emerged as a new class of materials with novel properties that may impact future technologies. Experimentally identifying and characterizing new functional two-dimensional materials in the vast material pool is…
We study the environmental instability of mechanically exfoliated few-layer black phosphorus (BP). From continuous measurements of flake topography over several days, we observe an increase of over 200% in volume due to the condensation of…