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We analyze independent policy-gradient (PG) learning in $N$-player linear-quadratic (LQ) stochastic differential games. Each player employs a distributed policy that depends only on its own state and updates the policy independently using…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-19 Philipp Plank , Yufei Zhang

From social networks to traffic routing, artificial learning agents are playing a central role in modern institutions. We must therefore understand how to leverage these systems to foster outcomes and behaviors that align with our own…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Jan Balaguer , Raphael Koster , Christopher Summerfield , Andrea Tacchetti

Multi-agent systems are prevalent in a wide range of domains including power systems, vehicular networks, and robotics. Two important problems to solve in these types of systems are how the intentions of non-coordinating agents can be…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Benjamin Alcorn , Eman Hammad

Coagent policy gradient algorithms (CPGAs) are reinforcement learning algorithms for training a class of stochastic neural networks called coagent networks. In this work, we prove that CPGAs converge to locally optimal policies.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-11 James E. Kostas , Chris Nota , Philip S. Thomas

Multi-agent credit assignment is a fundamental challenge for cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), where a team of agents learn from shared reward signals. The Individual-Global-Max (IGM) condition is a widely used…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Wen-Tse Chen , Yuxuan Li , Shiyu Huang , Jiayu Chen , Jeff Schneider

How have individuals of social animals in nature evolved to learn from each other, and what would be the optimal strategy for such learning in a specific environment? Here, we address both problems by employing a deep reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-17 Seungwoong Ha , Hawoong Jeong

In order for artificial agents to coordinate effectively with people, they must act consistently with existing conventions (e.g. how to navigate in traffic, which language to speak, or how to coordinate with teammates). A group's…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-03-14 Adam Lerer , Alexander Peysakhovich

Autonomous systems have achieved superhuman performance in isolation or simulation, yet they remain brittle in shared, dynamic real-world spaces. This failure stems from the dominant single-agent paradigm for physical applications, where…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Ismail Geles , Leonard Bauersfeld , Markus Wulfmeier , Davide Scaramuzza

Advances in reinforcement learning (RL) have resulted in recent breakthroughs in the application of artificial intelligence (AI) across many different domains. An emerging landscape of development environments is making powerful RL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-11 Edward W. Staley , Corban G. Rivera , Ashley J. Llorens

We study the problem of designing autonomous agents that can learn to cooperate effectively with a potentially suboptimal partner while having no access to the joint reward function. This problem is modeled as a cooperative episodic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Thomas Kleine Buening , Anne-Marie George , Christos Dimitrakakis

In shared autonomy, a critical tension arises when an automated assistant must choose between obeying a human's instruction and deliberately overriding it to prevent harm. This safety-critical behavior is known as intelligent disobedience.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Benedikt Hornig , Reuth Mirsky

We study reinforcement learning (RL) in a setting with a network of agents whose states and actions interact in a local manner where the objective is to find localized policies such that the (discounted) global reward is maximized. A…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-11-02 Guannan Qu , Adam Wierman , Na Li

Coordination is often critical to forming prosocial behaviors -- behaviors that increase the overall sum of rewards received by all agents in a multi-agent game. However, state of the art reinforcement learning algorithms often suffer from…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-05-17 Woodrow Z. Wang , Mark Beliaev , Erdem Bıyık , Daniel A. Lazar , Ramtin Pedarsani , Dorsa Sadigh

We study policy gradient methods for reinforcement learning in non-Markovian decision processes (NMDPs), where observations and rewards depend on the entire interaction history. To handle this dependence, the agent maintains an internal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Avik Kar , Siddharth Chandak , Rahul Singh , Soumitra Sinhahajari , Eric Moulines , Shalabh Bhatnagar , Nicholas Bambos

Scaling cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is fundamentally limited by cross-agent noise. When agents share a common reward, each agent's learning signal is computed from a shared return that depends on all agents, so the…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Shan Yang , Yang Liu

This paper augments the reward received by a reinforcement learning agent with potential functions in order to help the agent learn (possibly stochastic) optimal policies. We show that a potential-based reward shaping scheme is able to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-23 Baicen Xiao , Bhaskar Ramasubramanian , Andrew Clark , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Linda Bushnell , Radha Poovendran

Achieving cooperation among self-interested agents remains a fundamental challenge in multi-agent reinforcement learning. Recent work showed that mutual cooperation can be induced between "learning-aware" agents that account for and shape…

As a schematic model of the complexity economic agents are confronted with, we introduce the ``SK-game'', a discrete time binary choice model inspired from mean-field spin-glasses. We show that even in a completely static environment,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-08-27 Jerome Garnier-Brun , Michael Benzaquen , Jean-Philippe Bouchaud

Modern agents built on frontier language models often cannot adapt their weights. What, then, remains trainable? We argue it is the agent's \emph{workspace}, the structured external substrate it reads, writes, and tests; we call its…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Elad Sarafian , Gal Kaplun , Ron Banner , Daniel Soudry , Boris Ginsburg

Reinforcement Learning (RL) in various decision-making tasks of machine learning provides effective results with an agent learning from a stand-alone reward function. However, it presents unique challenges with large amounts of environment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-10 Neda Navidi