Related papers: Lagrange's Theorem for Binary Squares

Using the circle method in combination with lattice point counting arguments, we show that for almost all homogeneous diophantine equations of additive type and degree $k$ in more than $4k$ variables, the Local-Global principle holds true.…

A notion of generalized regular expressions for a large class of systems modeled as coalgebras, and an analogue of Kleene's theorem and Kleene algebra, were recently proposed by a subset of the authors of this paper. Examples of the systems…

Disjunctive Linear Arithmetic (DLA) is a major decidable theory that is supported by almost all existing theorem provers. The theory consists of Boolean combinations of predicates of the form $\Sigma_{j=1}^{n}a_j\cdot x_j \le b$, where the…

This paper is concerned with the problem of finding $n$ distinct squares such that, on excluding any one of them, the sum of the remaining $n-1$ squares is a square. While parametric solutions are known when $n=3$ and $n=4$, when $n > 4$,…

We investigate B\"uchi Arithmetic $\mathsf{BA}_k$ -- the elementary theory of the natural numbers equipped with addition and the function mapping a number $x$ to the greatest power of $k$ dividing $x$. $\mathsf{BA}_k$ is known to be…

Many questions in experimental mathematics are fundamentally inductive in nature. Here we demonstrate how Bayesian inference --the logic of partial beliefs-- can be used to quantify the evidence that finite data provide in favor of a…

In preference modelling, it is essential to determine the number of questions and their arrangements to ask from the decision maker. We focus on incomplete pairwise comparison matrices, and provide the optimal filling in patterns, which…

We propose two different Lagrange multiplier methods for contact problems derived from the augmented Lagrangian variational formulation. Both the obstacle problem, where a constraint on the solution is imposed in the bulk domain and the…

The convolution sum, $\underset{\substack{ {(l,m)\in\mathbb{N}_{0}^{2}} {\alpha\,l+\beta\,m=n} } }{\sum}\sigma(l)\sigma(m)$, where $\alpha\beta=44,52$, is evaluated for all natural numbers $n$. We then use these convolution sums to…

Let $f$ be a positive definite ternary quadratic form. We assume that $f$ is non-classic integral, that is, the norm ideal of $f$ is $\z$. We say $f$ is {\it strongly $s$-regular } if the number of representations of squares of integers by…

We Prove That The Uniform Upper Bound for the Number Of Limit Cycles Of The Lienard Equation of Degree 4 Can be equals to 2. Further We Suggest to Embedding Planar Lienard Equations In Higher Dimension and Present question of completly…

In this paper, we revisit the augmented Lagrangian method for a class of nonsmooth convex optimization. We present the Lagrange optimality system of the augmented Lagrangian associated with the problems, and establish its connections with…

For a non-degenerate integral quadratic form $F(x_1, \dots , x_d)$ in $d\geq5$ variables, we prove an optimal strong approximation theorem. Let $\Omega$ be a fixed compact subset of the affine quadric $F(x_1,\dots,x_d)=1$ over the real…

For a set of natural numbers $A$, let $R_{A}(n)$ be the number of representations of a natural number $n$ as the sum of two terms from $A$. Many years ago, Nathanson studied the conditions for the set $A$ and $B$ of natural numbers that are…

The set of permutations on a finite set can be given a lattice structure (known as the weak Bruhat order). The lattice structure is generalized to the set of words on a fixed alphabet $\Sigma = \{ x, y, z, ... \}$, where each letter has a…

Let $\alpha$ and $\beta$ be real numbers such that $1$, $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are linearly independent over $\mathbb{Q}$. A classical result of Dirichlet asserts that there are infinitely many triples of integers $(x_0,x_1,x_2)$ such that…

Let $\Gamma$ be a centerless irreducible higher rank arithmetic lattice in characteristic zero. We prove that if $\Gamma$ is either non-uniform or is uniform of orthogonal type and dimension at least 9, then $\Gamma$ is bi-interpretable…

Richomme asked the following question: what is the infimum of the real numbers $\alpha$ > 2 such that there exists an infinite word that avoids $\alpha$-powers but contains arbitrarily large squares beginning at every position? We resolve…

The set of non-linear equations describing the Standard Model kinematics of the top quark antiqark production system in the dilepton decay channel has at most a four-fold ambiguity due to two not fully reconstructed neutrinos. Its most…

It will be shown that Pascal's Theorem is equivalent to the associativity of a natural binary operation on conic sections. A novel proof for Pascal's Theorem will then be given by showing that this binary operation is associative…