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Related papers: Push-Pull Block Puzzles are Hard

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We prove that two pushing-blocks puzzles are intractable in 2D. One of our constructions improves an earlier result that established intractability in 3D [OS99] for a puzzle inspired by the game PushPush. The second construction answers a…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Erik D. Demaine , Martin L. Demaine , Joseph O'Rourke

We prove that a particular pushing-blocks puzzle is intractable in 2D, improving an earlier result that established intractability in 3D [OS99]. The puzzle, inspired by the game *PushPush*, consists of unit square blocks on an integer…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Erik D. Demaine , Martin L. Demaine , Joseph O'Rourke

We prove that a particular pushing-blocks puzzle is intractable in 3D. The puzzle, inspired by the game PushPush, consists of unit square blocks on an integer lattice. An agent may push blocks (but never pull them) in attempting to move…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Joseph O'Rourke , The Smith Problem Solving Group

We prove PSPACE-completeness of Push-1: given a rectangular grid of 1 x 1 cells, each possibly occupied by a movable block, can a robot move from one specified location to another, given the ability to push up to one block at a time? In…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-05-11 MIT Hardness Group , Josh Brunner , Lily Chung , Erik D. Demaine , Jenny Diomidova , Della Hendrickson , Jayson Lynch

Many puzzle video games, like Sokoban, involve moving some agent in a maze. The reachable locations are usually apparent for a human player, and the difficulty of the game is mainly related to performing actions on objects, such as pushing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Miquel Bofill , Cristina Borralleras , Joan Espasa , Mateu Villaret

We prove PSPACE-completeness of the well-studied pushing-block puzzle Push-1F, a theoretical abstraction of many video games (introduced in 1999). The proof also extends to Push-$k$ for any $k \ge 2$. We also prove PSPACE-completeness of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Hayashi Ani , Lily Chung , Erik D. Demaine , Jenny Diomidova , Della Hendrickson , Jayson Lynch

In combinatorial reconfiguration, the reconfiguration problems on a vertex subset (e.g., an independent set) are well investigated. In these problems, some tokens are placed on a subset of vertices of the graph, and there are three natural…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Masaaki Kanzaki , Yota Otachi , Ryuhei Uehara

We introduce a new family of one-player games, involving the movement of coins from one configuration to another. Moves are restricted so that a coin can be placed only in a position that is adjacent to at least two other coins. The goal of…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Erik D. Demaine , Martin L. Demaine , Helena A. Verrill

It is well known that Sokoban is PSPACE-complete (Culberson 1998) and several of its variants are NP-hard (Demaine et al. 2003). In this paper we prove the NP-hardness of some variants of Sokoban where the warehouse keeper can only pull…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2010-08-18 Marcus Ritt

We present a nondeterministic model of computation based on reversing edge directions in weighted directed graphs with minimum in-flow constraints on vertices. Deciding whether this simple graph model can be manipulated in order to reverse…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Robert A. Hearn , Erik D. Demaine

Bloxorz is an online puzzle game where players move a 1 by 1 by 2 block by tilting it on a subset of the two dimensional grid. Bloxorz features switches that open and close trapdoors. The puzzle is to move the block from its initial…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2014-11-24 Tom C. van der Zanden , Hans L. Bodlaender

We investigate the reconfiguration of $n$ blocks, or "tokens", in the square grid using "line pushes". A line push is performed from one of the four cardinal directions and pushes all tokens that are maximum in that direction to the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-10-16 Hugo A. Akitaya , Maarten Löffler , Giovanni Viglietta

We are going to show that some variants of a puzzle called Pull in which the boxes have handles (i.e. we can only pull the boxes in certain directions) are NP-hard

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-01-01 Oscar Temprano

We introduce higher-dimensional cubical sliding puzzles that are inspired by the classical 15 Puzzle from the 1880s. In our puzzles, on a $d$-dimensional cube, a labeled token can be slid from one vertex to another if it is topologically…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-07-27 Moritz Beyer , Stefano Mereta , Érika Roldán , Peter Voran

We propose a new kind of sliding-block puzzle, called Gourds, where the objective is to rearrange 1 x 2 pieces on a hexagonal grid board of 2n + 1 cells with n pieces, using sliding, turning and pivoting moves. This puzzle has a single…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Joep Hamersma , Marc van Kreveld , Yushi Uno , Tom C. van der Zanden

We prove PSPACE-completeness of two classic types of Chess problems when generalized to n-by-n boards. A "retrograde" problem asks whether it is possible for a position to be reached from a natural starting position, i.e., whether the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Josh Brunner , Erik D. Demaine , Dylan Hendrickson , Julian Wellman

This paper deals with sliding games, which are a variant of the better known pushpush game. On a given structure (grid, torus...), a robot can move in a specific set of directions, and stops when it hits a block or boundary of the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-07-03 Paul Dorbec , Eric Duchêne , André Fabbri , Julien Moncel , Aline Parreau , Eric Sopena

Tetris Block Puzzle is a single player stochastic puzzle in which a player places blocks on an 8 x 8 grid to complete lines; its popular variants have amassed tens of millions of downloads. Despite this reach, there is little principled…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Chun-Jui Wang , Jian-Ting Guo , Hung Guei , Chung-Chin Shih , Ti-Rong Wu , I-Chen Wu

We prove PSPACE-completeness of all but one problem in a large space of pulling-block problems where the goal is for the agent to reach a target destination. The problems are parameterized by whether pulling is optional, the number of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Hayashi Ani , Sualeh Asif , Erik D. Demaine , Jenny Diomidova , Dylan Hendrickson , Jayson Lynch , Sarah Scheffler , Adam Suhl

We analyze the computational complexity of optimally playing the two-player board game Push Fight, generalized to an arbitrary board and number of pieces. We prove that the game is PSPACE-hard to decide who will win from a given position,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-03-13 Jeffrey Bosboom , Erik D. Demaine , Mikhail Rudoy
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