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A graph is beyond-planar if it can be drawn in the plane with a specific restriction on crossings. Several types of beyond-planar graphs have been investigated, such as k-planar if every edge is crossed at most k times and RAC if edges can…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2022-01-04 Franz J. Brandenburg

In octilinear drawings of planar graphs, every edge is drawn as an alternating sequence of horizontal, vertical and diagonal ($45^\circ$) line-segments. In this paper, we study octilinear drawings of low edge complexity, i.e., with few…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-08-27 Michael A. Bekos , Martin Gronemann , Michael Kaufmann , Robert Krug

We study contact representations for graphs, which we call pixel representations in 2D and voxel representations in 3D. Our representations are based on the unit square grid whose cells we call pixels in 2D and voxels in 3D. Two pixels are…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2015-07-07 Muhammad Jawaherul Alam , Thomas Bläsius , Ignaz Rutter , Torsten Ueckerdt , Alexander Wolff

A rectangular dual of a plane graph $G$ is a contact representation of $G$ by interior-disjoint rectangles such that (i) no four rectangles share a point, and (ii) the union of all rectangles is a rectangle. In this paper, we study…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Therese Biedl , Philipp Kindermann , Jonathan Klawitter

We establish a one-to-one correspondence between 1-planar graphs and general and hole-free 4-map graphs and show that 1-planar graphs can be recognized in polynomial time if they are crossing-augmented, fully triangulated, and maximal…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2015-09-14 Franz J. Brandenburg

A rectangular dual of a graph $G$ is a contact representation of $G$ by axis-aligned rectangles such that (i)~no four rectangles share a point and (ii)~the union of all rectangles is a rectangle. The partial representation extension problem…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2022-09-23 Steven Chaplick , Philipp Kindermann , Jonathan Klawitter , Ignaz Rutter , Alexander Wolff

A gain graph is a triple (G,h,H), where G is a connected graph with an arbitrary, but fixed, orientation of edges, H is a group, and h is a homomorphism from the free group on the edges of G to H. A gain graph is called balanced if the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-01-24 Konstantin Rybnikov , Thomas Zaslavsky

We study the following geometric representation problem: Given a graph whose vertices correspond to axis-aligned rectangles with fixed dimensions, arrange the rectangles without overlaps in the plane such that two rectangles touch if the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-09-10 Michael A. Bekos , Thomas C. van Dijk , Martin Fink , Philipp Kindermann , Stephen Kobourov , Sergey Pupyrev , Joachim Spoerhase , Alexander Wolff

A graph is 1-planar if it can be drawn on the plane so that each edge is crossed by at most one other edge. In this paper, we confirm the total-coloring conjecture for 1-planar graphs with maximum degree at least 13.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-04-24 Xin Zhang , Jianfeng Hou , Guizhen Liu

A square-contact representation of a planar graph $G=(V,E)$ maps vertices in $V$ to interior-disjoint axis-aligned squares in the plane and edges in $E$ to adjacencies between the sides of the corresponding squares. In this paper, we study…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2017-10-03 Giordano Da Lozzo , William E. Devanny , David Eppstein , Timothy Johnson

A graph is pseudo-outerplanar if each of its blocks has an embedding in the plane so that the vertices lie on a fixed circle and the edges lie inside the disk of this circle with each of them crossing at most one another. It is proved that…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-04-24 Xin Zhang

It is proved that every series-parallel digraph whose maximum vertex-degree is $\Delta$ admits an upward planar drawing with at most one bend per edge such that each edge segment has one of $\Delta$ distinct slopes. This is shown to be…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2016-08-31 Emilio Di Giacomo , Giuseppe Liotta , Fabrizio Montecchiani

A graph is 1-planar if it admits a drawing in the plane such that each edge is crossed at most once. Let G be a bipartite 1-planar graph with partite sets X and Y. A 1-disk OX drawing of G is a 1-planar drawing such that all vertices of X…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-07-29 Guiping Wang

By a poly-line drawing of a graph G on n vertices we understand a drawing of G in the plane such that each edge is represented by a polygonal arc joining its two respective vertices. We call a turning point of a polygonal arc the bend. We…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-02-15 Radoslav Fulek , Balázs Keszegh , Filip Morić

It is shown that every 2-planar graph is quasiplanar, that is, if a simple graph admits a drawing in the plane such that every edge is crossed at most twice, then it also admits a drawing in which no three edges pairwise cross. We further…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2019-09-05 Michael Hoffmann , Csaba D. Tóth

A $(2,1)$-total labeling of a graph $G$ is an assignment $f$ from the vertex set $V(G)$ and the edge set $E(G)$ to the set $\{0,1,...,k\}$ of nonnegative integers such that $|f(x)-f(y)|\ge 2$ if $x$ is a vertex and $y$ is an edge incident…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2009-11-25 Toru Hasunuma , Toshimasa Ishii , Hirotaka Ono , Yushi Uno

A planar orthogonal drawing $\Gamma$ of a planar graph $G$ is a geometric representation of $G$ such that the vertices are drawn as distinct points of the plane, the edges are drawn as chains of horizontal and vertical segments, and no two…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-10-28 Walter Didimo , Giuseppe Liotta , Giacomo Ortali , Maurizio Patrignani

An \textit{$(n,m)$-graph} $G$ is a graph having both arcs and edges, and its arcs (resp., edges) are labeled using one of the $n$ (resp., $m$) different symbols. An \textit{$(n,m)$-complete graph} $G$ is an $(n,m)$-graph without loops or…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-07-01 Susobhan Bandopadhyay , Sagnik Sen , S Taruni

A matching of a graph is a set of edges without common end vertex. A graph is called 1-planar if it admits a drawing in the plane such that each edge is crossed at most once. Recently, Biedl and Wittnebel proved that every 1-planar graph…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-07-11 Yuanqiu Huang , Zhangdong Ouyang , Fengming Dong

A drawing of a graph is $k$-plane if every edge contains at most $k$ crossings. A $k$-plane drawing is saturated if we cannot add any edge so that the drawing remains $k$-plane. It is well-known that saturated $0$-plane drawings, that is,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-08-30 János Barát , Géza Tóth