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Coherent conversion of microwave and optical photons can significantly expand the ability to control the information processing and communication systems. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the microwave-to-optical frequency conversion in…

We consider the microwave-to-optical frequency conversion based on the Lamb shift, fine structure and forbidden transitions. The theory of such a conversion is developed and the efficiency of the microwave-to-optical frequency conversion is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-20 Sergey A. Rashkovskiy

An optical network of superconducting quantum bits (qubits) is an appealing platform for quantum communication and distributed quantum computing, but developing a quantum-compatible link between the microwave and optical domains remains an…

Superconducting quantum processors operate at microwave frequencies in millikelvin environments, making it challenging to interconnect distant nodes using conventional microwave wiring. Coherent microwave-to-optical (M2O) transduction…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-02 Yufeng Wu , Yiyu Zhou , Haoqi Zhao , Danqing Wang , Matthew D. LaHaye , Daniel L. Campbell , Hong X. Tang

Microwave-to-optical transducers are integral to the future of superconducting quantum computing, as they would enable scaling and long-distance communication of superconducting quantum processors through optical fiber links. However,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-16 Mingrui Xu , Chunzhen Li , Yuntao Xu , Hong X. Tang

Microwave-to-optical transduction of single photons will play an essential role in interconnecting future superconducting quantum devices, with applications in distributed quantum computing and secure communications. Various transducers…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-25 Tian Xie , Rikuto Fukumori , Jiahui Li , Andrei Faraon

We report on high-resolution microwave spectroscopy of cesium Rydberg $(n+2)D_{5/2}\rightarrow nF_{J}$ transitions in a cold atomic gas. Atoms laser-cooled and trapped in a magnetic-optical trap are prepared in the $D$ Rydberg state using a…

Atomic Physics · Physics 2024-11-05 Jingxu Bai , Rong Song , Zhenhua Li , Yuechun Jiao , Georg Raithel , Jianming Zhao , Suotang Jia

Mechanical resonators can act as excellent intermediaries to interface single photons in the microwave and optical domains due to their high quality factors. Nevertheless, the optical pump required to overcome the large energy difference…

Quantum networks are likely to have a profound impact on the way we compute and communicate in the future. In order to wire together superconducting quantum processors over kilometer-scale distances, we need transducers that can generate…

Efficient transduction devices that reversibly convert optical and microwave quantum signals into each other are essential for integrating different technologies. Rare-earth ions in solids, and in particular Erbium ions, with both optical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-05 Faezeh Kimiaee Asadi , Jia-Wei Ji , Christoph Simon

Microelectromechanical systems and integrated photonics provide the basis for many reliable and compact circuit elements in modern communication systems. Electro-opto-mechanical devices are currently one of the leading approaches to realize…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-07 J. M. Fink , M. Kalaee , R. Norte , A. Pitanti , O. Painter

We describe an adiabatic state transfer mechanism that allows for high-fidelity transfer of a microwave quantum state from one cavity to another through an optical fiber. The conversion from microwave frequency to optical frequency is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-07-18 B. D. Clader

High-density communication through optical fiber is made possible by Wavelength Division Multiplexing, which is the simultaneous transmission of many discrete signals at different optical frequencies. Vast quantities of data may be…

Optics · Physics 2020-02-19 Paul Fisher , Matteo Villa , Francesco Lenzini , Mirko Lobino

The most frequency-stable sources of electromagnetic radiation are produced optically, and optical frequency combs provide the means for high fidelity frequency transfer across hundreds of terahertz and into the microwave domain. A critical…

While Rydberg atoms have shown tremendous potential to serve as accurate and sensitive detectors of microwaves and millimeter waves, their response is generally limited to a single narrow frequency band around a chosen microwave transition.…

Atom-based quantum computing exploits the ability to enhance atom-atom interactions by employing laser excitation to higher-excited Rydberg states. Additional fields that drive transitions between Rydberg states can offer independent…

A transducer capable of converting quantum information stored as microwaves into telecom-wavelength signals is a critical piece of future quantum technology as it promises to enable the networking of quantum processors. Cavity…

Applied Physics · Physics 2019-09-25 M. J. Rudd , P. H. Kim , C. A. Potts , C. Doolin , H. Ramp , B. D. Hauer , J. P. Davis

Connecting superconducting qubits to optical fiber necessitates the conversion of microwave photons to optical photons. Modern experimental demonstrations exhibit strong coupling between a microwave resonator and an optical cavity mediated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-22 Huo Chen , Marti Vives , Mekena Metcalf

A quantum network that distributes and processes entanglement would enable powerful new computers and sensors. Optical photons with a frequency of a few hundred terahertz are perhaps the only way to distribute quantum information over long…

We establish analogy between a microwave ionization of Rydberg atoms and a charge transport through a chaotic quantum dot induced by a monochromatic field in a regime with a potential barrier between dot contacts. We show that the quantum…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Tomaz Prosen , Dima Shepelyansky