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Mobile-phone advertising enables marketers to reach customers at a personal level and it enables the measure of costumers reaction by novel approaches, in real time, and at scale. By keeping a device anonymous, we can deliver custom adverts…

Applications · Statistics 2023-11-22 Paolo D'Alberto , Veronica Milenkiy , Fairiz Fi Azizi

Real-time bidding (RTB) has become one of the largest online advertising markets in the world. Today the bid price per ad impression is typically decided by the expected value of how it can lead to a desired action event (e.g., registering…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-02-16 Jian Xu , Xuhui Shao , Jianjie Ma , Kuang-chih Lee , Hang Qi , Quan Lu

The causal effect of showing an ad to a potential customer versus not, commonly referred to as "incrementality", is the fundamental question of advertising effectiveness. In digital advertising three major puzzle pieces are central to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Randall Lewis , Jeffrey Wong

The importance of Facebook advertising has risen dramatically in recent years, with the platform accounting for almost 20% of the global online ad spend in 2017. An important consideration in advertising is incrementality: how much of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-07-12 C. H. Bryan Liu , Elaine M. Bettaney , Benjamin Paul Chamberlain

Despite their popularity, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are not always available for the purposes of advertising measurement. Non-experimental data is thus required. However, Facebook and other ad platforms use complex and evolving…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-10-05 Brett R. Gordon , Robert Moakler , Florian Zettelmeyer

Incrementality, which is used to measure the causal effect of showing an ad to a potential customer (e.g. a user in an internet platform) versus not, is a central object for advertisers in online advertising platforms. This paper…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Ashwinkumar Badanidiyuru , Zhe Feng , Tianxi Li , Haifeng Xu

Optimizing an interactive system against a predefined online metric is particularly challenging, when the metric is computed from user feedback such as clicks and payments. The key challenge is the counterfactual nature: in the case of Web…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-03-13 Lihong Li , Shunbao Chen , Jim Kleban , Ankur Gupta

Online advertising is a cornerstone of the Internet ecosystem, with advertising measurement playing a crucial role in optimizing efficiency. Ad measurement entails attributing desired behaviors, such as purchases, to ad exposures across…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Yingtai Xiao , Jian Du , Shikun Zhang , Wanrong Zhang , Qiang Yan , Danfeng Zhang , Daniel Kifer

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) provide the most credible estimates of advertising incrementality but are difficult to scale. We propose Predicted Incrementality by Experimentation (PIE), which reframes ad measurement as a…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-04-02 Brett R. Gordon , Robert Moakler , Florian Zettelmeyer

In attempts to produce ML models less reliant on spurious patterns in NLP datasets, researchers have recently proposed curating counterfactually augmented data (CAD) via a human-in-the-loop process in which given some documents and their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-25 Divyansh Kaushik , Amrith Setlur , Eduard Hovy , Zachary C. Lipton

In real-world machine learning systems, labels are often derived from user behaviors that the system wishes to encourage. Over time, new models must be trained as new training examples and features become available. However, feedback loops…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Victoria Lin , Louis-Philippe Morency , Dimitrios Dimitriadis , Srinagesh Sharma

Real-Time Bidding (RTB) is an important paradigm in display advertising, where advertisers utilize extended information and algorithms served by Demand Side Platforms (DSPs) to improve advertising performance. A common problem for DSPs is…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-05-30 Xun Yang , Yasong Li , Hao Wang , Di Wu , Qing Tan , Jian Xu , Kun Gai

In recommendation literature, explainability and fairness are becoming two prominent perspectives to consider. However, prior works have mostly addressed them separately, for instance by explaining to consumers why a certain item was…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Ludovico Boratto , Francesco Fabbri , Gianni Fenu , Mirko Marras , Giacomo Medda

Many digital platforms offer advertisers experimentation tools like Meta's Lift and A/B tests to optimize their ad campaigns. Lift tests compare outcomes between users eligible to see ads versus users in a no-ad control group. In contrast,…

General Economics · Economics 2025-09-01 Gordon Burtch , Robert Moakler , Brett R. Gordon , Poppy Zhang , Shawndra Hill

While state-of-the-art NLP models have been achieving the excellent performance of a wide range of tasks in recent years, important questions are being raised about their robustness and their underlying sensitivity to systematic biases that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-25 Linyi Yang , Jiazheng Li , Pádraig Cunningham , Yue Zhang , Barry Smyth , Ruihai Dong

Contrastive learning enables learning useful audio and speech representations without ground-truth labels by maximizing the similarity between latent representations of similar signal segments. In this framework various data augmentation…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-11 Salah Zaiem , Titouan Parcollet , Slim Essid

Counterfactual Data Augmentation (CDA) is a commonly used technique for improving robustness in natural language classifiers. However, one fundamental challenge is how to discover meaningful counterfactuals and efficiently label them, with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Ananth Balashankar , Xuezhi Wang , Yao Qin , Ben Packer , Nithum Thain , Jilin Chen , Ed H. Chi , Alex Beutel

Machine learning models are prone to capturing the spurious correlations between non-causal attributes and classes, with counterfactual data augmentation being a promising direction for breaking these spurious associations. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Xiaoling Zhou , Ou Wu , Michael K. Ng

In display ad auctions of Real-Time Bid-ding (RTB), a typical Demand-Side Platform (DSP)bids based on the predicted probability of click and conversion right after an ad impression. Recent studies find such a strategy is suboptimal and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Daisuke Moriwaki , Yuta Hayakawa , Akira Matsui , Yuta Saito , Isshu Munemasa , Masashi Shibata

Counterfactual data augmentation has recently emerged as a method to mitigate confounding biases in the training data. These biases, such as spurious correlations, arise due to various observed and unobserved confounding variables in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Abbavaram Gowtham Reddy , Saketh Bachu , Saloni Dash , Charchit Sharma , Amit Sharma , Vineeth N Balasubramanian
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