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Grid-forming (GFM) capability requirements are increasingly imposed on grid-connected voltage-source converters (VSCs). Under large grid disturbances, GFM-VSCs need to remain stable while providing GFM services. Yet, such objectives, as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-24 Heng Wu , Xiongfei Wang

This paper proposes a novel control framework designed for Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs), denoted as Generalized Swing Control (GSC). The proposed GSC framework generalizes the definition of Grid-Forming (GFM) control schemes and exploits…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-05 Rodrigo Bernal , Federico Milano

The modern power system features high penetration of power converters due to the development of renewables, HVDC, etc. Currently, the controller design and parameter tuning of power converters heavily rely on rich engineering experience and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-12 Linbin Huang , Huanhai Xin , Florian Dörfler

Grid-forming voltage source converters (GFM-VSCs) play a crucial role in the stability of power systems with large amounts of converter-based generation. Transient stability (angle stability under large disturbances) is a critical limiting…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Régulo E. Ávila-Martínez , Luis Rouco , Javier Renedo , Lukas Sigrist , Aurelio Garcia-Cerrada

Grid-synchronization stability (GSS) is an emerging stability issue of grid-tied voltage source converters (VSCs), which can be provoked by severe grid voltage sags. Although a qualitative understanding of the mechanism behind the loss of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-05-25 Yu Zhang , Chen Zhang , Xu Cai

Due to the energy crisis and environmental pollution, the installed capacity of inverter-based resources (IBRs) in power grids is rapidly increasing, and grid-following control (GFL) is the most prevalent at present. Meanwhile, grid-forming…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-05 Yinhong Lin , Bin Wang , Qinglai Guo , Haotian Zhao , Hongbin Sun

This paper presents a novel strategy for the synchronization of grid-following Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) in power systems with low rotational inertia. The proposed synchronization unit is based on emulating the physical properties of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-30 Ognjen Stanojev , Uros Markovic , Petros Aristidou , Gabriela Hug

In low-carbon grids, system flexibility can be enhanced through mechanisms such as Demand Response (DR), enabling the efficient utilization of renewable energy. However, as Synchronous Generators (SGs) are being replaced by renewable energy…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-23 Peng Wang , Zhengmao Li , Luis Badesa

Most previously proposed controllers are analyzed in the small-signal/quasi-steady regime rather than large-signal or transient stability for grid-forming inverters (GFMI). Additionally, methods that presume system-wide data--global…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-12 Qianxi Tang , Li Peng

With increasing installation of wind and solar generation, conventional synchronous generators in power systems are gradually displaced resulting in a significant reduction in system inertia. Maintaining system frequency within acceptable…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-31 Mingjian Tuo , Xingpeng Li

Learning from two-level voltage source converters, the existing impedance-based stability analyses of modular multilevel converters (MMCs) primarily focus on system modes with finite closed-loop transfer functions, which consider…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-10 Chongbin Zhao , Qirong Jiang

VSG control has emerged as a crucial technology for integrating renewable energy sources. However, renewable energy have limited tolerance to overcurrent, necessitating the implementation of current limiting (CL)strategies to mitigate the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-06 Yifan Zhao , Zhiqian Zhang , Ziyang Xu , Zhenbin Zhang , Jose Rodriguez

Voltage Source Converters (VSC) are becoming more common in modern High Voltage DC (HVDC) transmission systems. One of the major challenges in a multi-terminal VSCHVDC is protection against DC side faults. Two major designs, namely, the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-06-21 Bhaskar Mitra , Badrul Chowdhury

Grid-forming voltage source converters (GFM-VSCs) are emerging as a solution for integrating renewable energy resources (RERs) into power systems. GFM-VSCs need a self-synchronisation strategy to ensure that all converters and generators in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-05 Regulo E. Avila-Martinez , Xavier Guillaud , Javier Renedo , Luis Rouco , Aurelio Garcia-Cerrada , Lukas Sigrist

This letter presents a comprehensive analysis of the stability phenomenon related to the ability of generators to remain in synchronism when subjected to small or large disturbances, in power systems with both synchronous machines and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-20 Régulo E. Ávila-Martínez , Javier Renedo , Luis Rouco , Aurelio Garcia-Cerrada , Lukas Sigrist

This paper presents a decentralized controller for sharing primary AC frequency control reserves through a multi-terminal HVDC grid. By using Lyapunov arguments, the proposed controller is shown to stabilize the equilibrium of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-12-15 Martin Andreasson , Roger Wiget , Dimos V. Dimarogonas , Karl H. Johansson , Göran Andersson

This paper investigates voltage stability in inverter-based power systems concerning fold and saddle-node bifurcations. An analytical expression is derived for the sensitivity of the stability margin using the normal vector to the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-10 Sushobhan Chatterjee , Sijia Geng

We analyze the level crossing rate (LCR) and the average fade duration of the output signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) in generalized switched diversity systems. By using a common approach, we study these higher order statistics for two different…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2017-04-26 Adrián Sauco-Gallardo , Unai Fernández-Plazaola , Luis Díez , Eduardo Martos-Naya

Integrating grid-forming converters (GFMCs) into grid-following converter (GFLC)-dominated power systems enhances the grid strength, but GFMCs' current-limiting characteristic triggers dynamic switching between constant voltage control…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-22 Bingfang Li , Songhao Yang , Pu Cheng , Zhiguo Hao

We propose a decentralized framework to analytically guarantee the small-signal stability of future power systems with grid-forming converters. Our approach leverages dynamic loop-shifting techniques to compensate for the lack of passivity…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-02 Verena Häberle , Xiuqiang He , Linbin Huang , Florian Dörfler , Steven Low