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Understanding how an isolated quantum system evolves toward a thermal state from an initial state far from equilibrium such as one prepared by a global quantum quench has attracted significant interest in recent years. This phenomenon can…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-01-23 Mohsen Alishahiha , Mohammad Javad Vasli

The phenomenon of Hilbert space fragmentation, whereby dynamical constraints fragment Hilbert space into many disconnected sectors, provides a simple mechanism by which thermalization can be arrested. However, little is known about how…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-06 Yiqiu Han , Xiao Chen , Ethan Lake

We consider a quantum system A U B made up of degrees of freedom that can be partitioned into spatially disjoint regions A and B. When the full system is in a pure state in which regions A and B are entangled, the quantum mechanics of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2014-11-27 Vedika Khemani , Anushya Chandran , Hyungwon Kim , S. L. Sondhi

We investigate steady states of macroscopic quantum systems under dissipation not obeying the detailed balance condition. We argue that the Gibbs state at an effective temperature gives a good description of the steady state provided that…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2020-04-17 Tatsuhiko Shirai , Takashi Mori

The Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis (ETH) has played a major role in understanding thermodynamic phenomena in closed quantum systems. However, its connection to the timescale of thermalization for open system dynamics has remained…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-30 Chi-Fang Chen , Fernando G. S. L. Brandão

Ergodicity has been one of the fundamental concepts underpinning our understanding of thermalization in isolated systems since the first developments in classical statistical mechanics. Recently, a similar notion has been introduced for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-20 Leonard Logaric , John Goold , Shane Dooley

The eigenstate thermalization hypothesis provides a framework for understanding thermalization in isolated quantum many-body systems by characterizing statistical properties of local observables in energy eigenstates. Here we demonstrate…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-11 Pavel Orlov , Rustem Sharipov , Enej Ilievski

The eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) underpins much of our modern understanding of the thermalization of closed quantum many-body systems. Here, we investigate the statistical properties of observables in the eigenbasis of the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-01-19 Gabriel Almeida , Pedro Ribeiro , Masudul Haque , Lucas Sá

Local observables in generic periodically driven closed quantum systems are known to relax to values described by periodic infinite temperature ensembles. At the same time, ergodic static systems exhibit anomalous thermalization of local…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2018-08-15 Sthitadhi Roy , Yevgeny Bar Lev , David J. Luitz

We investigate off-diagonal matrix elements of local operators in integrable spin chains, focusing on the isotropic spin-$1/2$ Heisenberg chain ($XXX$ chain). We employ state-of-the-art Algebraic Bethe Ansatz results, which allow us to…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-02-18 Federico Rottoli , Vincenzo Alba

One of the fundamental problems of quantum statistical physics is how an ideally isolated quantum system can ever reach thermal equilibrium behavior despite the unitary time evolution of quantum-mechanical systems. Here, we study, via…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-24 Marvin Lenk , Sayak Biswas , Anna Posazhennikova , Johann Kroha

According to the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH), the eigenstate-to-eigenstate fluctuations of expectation values of local observables should decrease with increasing system size. In approaching the thermodynamic limit - the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2021-04-14 Goran Nakerst , Masudul Haque

In this work, we use quantum complexity theory to quantify the difficulty of distinguishing eigenstates obeying the Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis (ETH). After identifying simple operators with an algebra of low-energy observables and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-11 Ning Bao , Jason Pollack , David Wakeham , Elizabeth Wildenhain

We review some recent developments in the statistical mechanics of isolated quantum systems. We provide a brief introduction to quantum thermalization, paying particular attention to the `Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis' (ETH), and the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-04-07 Rahul Nandkishore , David A. Huse

According to the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH), even isolated quantum systems can thermalize because the eigenstate-to-eigenstate fluctuations of typical observables vanish in the limit of large systems. Of course, isolated…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2014-04-08 W. Beugeling , R. Moessner , Masudul Haque

The strong eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) provides a sufficient condition for thermalization and equilibration. Although it is expected to be hold in a wide class of highly chaotic theories, there are only a few analytic…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-01-19 Taishi Kawamoto

The postulates of the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) express that thermalization occurs due to the individual eigenstate of the system's Hamiltonian. But the ETH put no light on the dynamics that lead toward thermalization. In…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2022-11-02 Javed Akram , Asad Hussain , Muhammad Nouman , Jameel Hussain

In the ongoing discussion on thermalization in closed quantum many-body systems, the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) has recently been proposed as a universal concept which attracted considerable attention. So far this concept…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2014-04-04 Robin Steinigeweg , Abdelah Khodja , Hendrik Niemeyer , Christian Gogolin , Jochen Gemmer

The Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis (ETH) implies a form for the matrix elements of local operators between eigenstates of the Hamiltonian, expected to be valid for chaotic systems. Another signal of chaos is a positive Lyapunov…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-05-01 Laura Foini , Jorge Kurchan

We revisit the J1-J2 frustrated Heisenberg spin-1/2 chain with dimerization ({\delta}) or modulation in the nearest-neighbor couplings to investigate its thermalization behavior. While the dimerization tends to induce localization, the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-08-05 Smitarani Mishra , Shaon Sahoo