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We consider the problem of encoding a string of length $n$ from an integer alphabet of size $\sigma$ so that access and substring equality queries (that is, determining the equality of any two substrings) can be answered efficiently. Any…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-05-12 Nicola Prezza

The compact directed acyclic word graph (CDAWG) of a string $T$ of length $n$ takes space proportional just to the number $e$ of right extensions of the maximal repeats of $T$, and it is thus an appealing index for highly repetitive…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-09-27 Djamal Belazzougui , Fabio Cunial

We introduce a data structure for counting pattern occurrences in texts compressed with any run-length context-free grammar. Our structure uses space proportional to the grammar size and counts the occurrences of a pattern of length $m$ in…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Gonzalo Navarro , Alejandro Pacheco

Lempel-Ziv (LZ77) factorization is a fundamental problem in string processing: Greedily partition a given string $T$ from left to right into blocks (called phrases) so that each phrase is either the leftmost occurrence of a letter or the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Dominik Kempa , Tomasz Kociumaka

The suffix tree is arguably the most fundamental data structure on strings: introduced by Weiner (SWAT 1973) and McCreight (JACM 1976), it allows solving a myriad of computational problems on strings in linear time. Motivated by its large…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Ruben Becker , Davide Cenzato , Travis Gagie , Sung-Hwan Kim , Ragnar Groot Koerkamp , Giovanni Manzini , Nicola Prezza

The circular dictionary matching problem is an extension of the classical dictionary matching problem where every string in the dictionary is interpreted as a circular string: after reading the last character of a string, we can move back…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Nicola Cotumaccio

Computing the LZ factorization (or LZ77 parsing) of a string is a computational bottleneck in many diverse applications, including data compression, text indexing, and pattern discovery. We describe new linear time LZ factorization…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-12-11 Juha Kärkkäinen , Dominik Kempa , Simon J. Puglisi

In this paper we study the fundamental problem of maintaining a dynamic collection of strings under the following operations: concat - concatenates two strings, split - splits a string into two at a given position, compare - finds the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-04-11 Paweł Gawrychowski , Adam Karczmarz , Tomasz Kociumaka , Jakub Łącki , Piotr Sankowski

We introduce the first index that can be built in $o(n)$ time for a text of length $n$, and can also be queried in $o(q)$ time for a pattern of length $q$. On an alphabet of size $\sigma$, our index uses $O(n\sqrt{\log n\log\sigma})$ bits,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-07-16 J. Ian Munro , Gonzalo Navarro , Yakov Nekrich

The observed frequency of the longest proper prefix, the longest proper suffix, and the longest infix of a word $w$ in a given sequence $x$ can be used for classifying $w$ as avoided or overabundant. The definitions used for the expectation…

Suffix arrays and LCP arrays are one of the most fundamental data structures widely used for various kinds of string processing. We consider two problems for a read-only string of length $N$ over an integer alphabet $[1, \dots, \sigma]$ for…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-07-16 Keisuke Goto

Longest common extension queries (LCE queries) and runs are ubiquitous in algorithmic stringology. Linear-time algorithms computing runs and preprocessing for constant-time LCE queries have been known for over a decade. However, these…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-06-28 Maxime Crochemore , Costas S. Iliopoulos , Tomasz Kociumaka , Ritu Kundu , Solon P. Pissis , Jakub Radoszewski , Wojciech Rytter , Tomasz Waleń

An L-system (for lossless compression) is a CPD0L-system extended with two parameters $d$ and $n$, which determines unambiguously a string $w = \tau(\varphi^d(s))[1:n]$, where $\varphi$ is the morphism of the system, $s$ is its axiom, and…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-06-06 Gonzalo Navarro , Cristian Urbina

We present an improved wavelet tree construction algorithm and discuss its applications to a number of rank/select problems for integer keys and strings. Given a string of length n over an alphabet of size $\sigma\leq n$, our method builds…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-05-18 Maxim Babenko , Paweł Gawrychowski , Tomasz Kociumaka , Tatiana Starikovskaya

The suffix tree is a very important data structure in string processing, but it suffers from a huge space consumption. In large-scale applications, compressed suffix trees (CSTs) are therefore used instead. A CST consists of three…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2010-12-21 Simon Gog , Enno Ohlebusch

In this paper, we consider the problem of compressing a trie while supporting the powerful \emph{locate} queries: to return the pre-order identifiers of all nodes reached by a path labeled with a given query pattern. Our result builds on…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-12-18 Nicola Prezza

Let $A$ be a static array storing $n$ elements from a totally ordered set. We present a data structure of optimal size at most $n\log_2(3+2\sqrt{2})+o(n)$ bits that allows us to answer the following queries on $A$ in constant time, without…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2011-02-03 Johannes Fischer

We first review how we can store a run-length compressed suffix array (RLCSA) for a text $T$ of length $n$ over an alphabet of size $\sigma$ whose Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) consists of $r$ runs in $O \left( \rule{0ex}{2ex} r \log (n /…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Nathaniel K. Brown , Travis Gagie , Giovanni Manzini , Gonzalo Navarro , Marinella Sciortino

Shannon's entropy is a definitive lower bound for statistical compression. Unfortunately, no such clear measure exists for the compressibility of repetitive strings. Thus, ad hoc measures are employed to estimate the repetitiveness of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Giulia Bernardini , Gabriele Fici , Paweł Gawrychowski , Solon P. Pissis

Word Break is a prototypical factorization problem in string processing: Given a word $w$ of length $N$ and a dictionary $\mathcal{D} = \{d_1, d_2, \ldots, d_{K}\}$ of $K$ strings, determine whether we can partition $w$ into words from…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Rajat De , Dominik Kempa