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An overview of current debates and contemporary research devoted to the modeling of decision making processes and their facilitation directs attention to the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). At the core of the AHP are various…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-06-05 Paul Thaddeus Kazibudzki

Recent work increasingly focuses on improving the reasoning capabilities of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs). Among existing methods, Process Reward Models (PRMs) stand out for offering dense, step-wise supervision to guide…

The validation of any database mining methodology goes through an evaluation process where benchmarks availability is essential. In this paper, we aim to randomly generate relational database benchmarks that allow to check probabilistic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-03-03 Mouna Ben Ishak , Rajani Chulyadyo , Philippe Leray

The reliability of large language models (LLMs) during test-time scaling is often assessed with \emph{external verifiers} or \emph{reward models} that distinguish correct reasoning from flawed logic. Prior work generally assumes that…

User-generated reviews serve as crucial references in shopper's decision-making process. Moreover, they improve product sales and validate the reputation of the website as a whole. Thus, it becomes important to design reviews ranking…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-09-08 Akhil Sai Peddireddy

Currently, process reward models (PRMs) have exhibited remarkable potential for test-time scaling. Since large language models (LLMs) regularly generate flawed intermediate reasoning steps when tackling a broad spectrum of reasoning and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Zhouhao Sun , Xuan Zhang , Xiao Ding , Bibo Cai , Li Du , Kai Xiong , Xinran Dai , Fei Zhang , weidi tang , Zhiyuan Kan , Yang Zhao , Bing Qin , Ting Liu

In this paper we address the explainability of web search engines. We propose two explainable elements on the search engine result page: a visualization of query term weights and a visualization of passage relevance. The idea is that search…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Ioannis Chios , Suzan Verberne

Current approaches for training Process Reward Models (PRMs) often involve breaking down responses into multiple reasoning steps using rule-based techniques, such as using predefined placeholder tokens or setting the reasoning step's length…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Yuliang Liu , Junjie Lu , Zhaoling Chen , Chaofeng Qu , Jason Klein Liu , Chonghan Liu , Zefan Cai , Yunhui Xia , Li Zhao , Jiang Bian , Chuheng Zhang , Wei Shen , Zhouhan Lin

Unjudged documents or holes in information retrieval benchmarks are considered non-relevant in evaluation, yielding no gains in measuring effectiveness. However, these missing judgments may inadvertently introduce biases into the evaluation…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Shivani Upadhyay , Ehsan Kamalloo , Jimmy Lin

The LLMJudge challenge is organized as part of the LLM4Eval workshop at SIGIR 2024. Test collections are essential for evaluating information retrieval (IR) systems. The evaluation and tuning of a search system is largely based on relevance…

Two methodologies dominate current practices of benchmarking: rubric-based scoring evaluates items against predefined criteria, whereas comparative judgment elicits pairwise preferences between outputs. Although both methodologies are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Russell Yang , Ruishi Chen , Pierce Kelaita , Riya Ranjan , Sibo Ma , Charles Dickens , Matthew Guillod , Megan Ma , Julian Nyarko

Automatic generation of educational materials using large language models (LLMs) is becoming increasingly common, but assigning difficulty levels to such materials still requires substantial human effort. LLM-as-a-Judge has therefore…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Yo Ehara

Attribution and fact verification are critical challenges in natural language processing for assessing information reliability. While automated systems and Large Language Models (LLMs) aim to retrieve and select concise evidence to support…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Guy Alt , Eran Hirsch , Serwar Basch , Ido Dagan , Oren Glickman

Incomplete relevance judgments limit the re-usability of test collections. When new systems are compared against previous systems used to build the pool of judged documents, they often do so at a disadvantage due to the ``holes'' in test…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-10 Zahra Abbasiantaeb , Chuan Meng , Leif Azzopardi , Mohammad Aliannejadi

When submitting queries to information retrieval (IR) systems, users often have the option of specifying which, if any, of the query terms are heavily dependent on each other and should be treated as a fixed phrase, for instance by placing…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-03-07 Christina Lioma , Birger Larsen , Peter Ingwersen

Process-level Reward Models (PRMs) are crucial for complex reasoning and decision-making tasks, where each intermediate step plays an important role in the reasoning process. Since language models are prone to various types of errors during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Mingyang Song , Zhaochen Su , Xiaoye Qu , Jiawei Zhou , Yu Cheng

Query expansion is a long-standing technique to mitigate vocabulary mismatch in ad hoc Information Retrieval. Pseudo-relevance feedback methods, such as RM3, estimate an expanded query model from the top-ranked documents, but remain…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-19 David Otero , Javier Parapar

Although Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit advanced reasoning ability, conventional alignment remains largely dominated by outcome reward models (ORMs) that judge only final answers. Process Reward Models(PRMs) address this gap by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Congmin Zheng , Jiachen Zhu , Zhuoying Ou , Yuxiang Chen , Kangning Zhang , Rong Shan , Zeyu Zheng , Mengyue Yang , Jianghao Lin , Yong Yu , Weinan Zhang

Using large language models (LLMs) to predict relevance judgments has shown promising results. Most studies treat this task as a distinct research line, e.g., focusing on prompt design for predicting relevance labels given a query and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Chuan Meng , Jiqun Liu , Mohammad Aliannejadi , Fengran Mo , Jeff Dalton , Maarten de Rijke

Currently, the quality of a search engine is often determined using so-called topical relevance, i.e., the match between the user intent (expressed as a query) and the content of the document. In this work we want to draw attention to two…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2015-01-27 Aleksandr Chuklin , Maarten de Rijke