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The semi-random graph process is a single player game in which the player is initially presented an empty graph on $n$ vertices. In each round, a vertex $u$ is presented to the player independently and uniformly at random. The player then…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-05-14 David Gamarnik , Mihyun Kang , Pawel Pralat

In zero forcing, the focus is typically on finding the minimum cardinality of any zero forcing set in the graph; however, the number of cardinalities between $0$ and the number of vertices in the graph for which there are both zero forcing…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-09-13 Bonnie Jacob

Zero forcing is a deterministic iterative graph coloring process in which vertices are colored either blue or white, and in every round, any blue vertices that have a single white neighbor force these white vertices to become blue. Here we…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-09-17 Sean English , Calum MacRury , Pawel Pralat

For a graph $G$ in which vertices are either black or white, a zero forcing process is an iterative vertex color changing process such that the only white neighbor of a black vertex becomes black in the next time step. A zero forcing set is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-26 Hau-Yi Lin , Wu-Hsiung Lin , Gerard Jennhwa Chang

Probabilistic zero-forcing is a coloring process on a graph. In this process, an initial set of vertices is colored blue, and the remaining vertices are colored white. At each time step, blue vertices have a non-zero probability of forcing…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-10-26 David Hu , Alec Sun

Let each vertex of a graph G = (V(G), E(G)) be given one of two colors, say, "black" and "white". Let Z denote the (initial) set of black vertices of G. The color-change rule converts the color of a vertex from white to black if the white…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-03-19 Kiran B. Chilakamarri , Nathaniel Dean , Cong X. Kang , Eunjeong Yi

Zero forcing is a process on a graph in which the goal is to force all vertices to become blue by applying a color change rule. Throttling minimizes the sum of the number of vertices that are initially blue and the number of time steps…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-03-15 Joshua Carlson

Given a graph $G=(V,E)$ and a set of vertices marked as filled, we consider a color-change rule known as zero forcing. A set $S$ is a zero forcing set if filling $S$ and applying all possible instances of the color change rule causes all…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-08-16 Eric Ufferman , Nicolas Swanson

The notion of forcing sets for perfect matchings was introduced by Harary, Klein, and \v{Z}ivkovi\'{c}. The application of this problem in chemistry, as well as its interesting theoretical aspects, made this subject very active. In this…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-03-04 Javad B. Ebrahimi , Babak Ghanbari

Recently, Van Hoeve proposed an algorithm for graph coloring based on an integer flow formulation on decision diagrams for stable sets. We prove that the solution to the linear flow relaxation on exact decision diagrams determines the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-11-06 Timo Brand , Stephan Held

In this paper we compare the brushing number of a graph with the zero-forcing number of its line graph. We prove that the zero-forcing number of the line graph is an upper bound for the brushing number by constructing a brush configuration…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-08-25 Aras Erzurumluoglu , David Pike , Karen Meagher

In this paper, we study a dynamic coloring of the vertices of a graph $G$ that starts with an initial subset $S$ of colored vertices, with all remaining vertices being non-colored. At each discrete time interval, a colored vertex with…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-10-27 Randy Davila , Michael Henning

The zero forcing number Z(G), which is the minimum number of vertices in a zero forcing set of a graph G, is used to study the maximum nullity / minimum rank of the family of symmetric matrices described by G. It is shown that for a…

A dynamic coloring of the vertices of a graph $G$ starts with an initial subset $F$ of colored vertices, with all remaining vertices being non-colored. At each time step, a colored vertex with exactly one non-colored neighbor forces this…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-03-21 Meysam Alishahi , Elahe Rezaei-Sani , Elahe Sharifi

Zero forcing is a coloring game played on a graph where each vertex is initially colored blue or white and the goal is to color all the vertices blue by repeated use of a (deterministic) color change rule starting with as few blue vertices…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-06-27 Yu Chan , Emelie Curl , Jesse Geneson , Leslie Hogben , Kevin Liu , Issac Odegard , Michael S. Ross

A fractional colouring of a graph $G$ is a function that assigns a non-negative real value to all possible colour-classes of $G$ containing any vertex of $G$, such that the sum of these values is at least one for each vertex. The fractional…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-12-27 John Baptist Gauci , Jean Paul Zerafa

Let $D$ be a simple digraph (directed graph) with vertex set $V(D)$ and arc set $A(D)$ where $n=|V(D)|$, and each arc is an ordered pair of distinct vertices. If $(v,u) \in A(D)$, then $u$ is considered an \emph{out-neighbor} of $v$ in $D$.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-07-31 Alyssa Adams , Bonnie Jacob

Zero forcing is a deterministic iterative graph colouring process in which vertices are coloured either blue or white, and in every round, any blue vertices that have a single white neighbour force these white vertices to become blue. Here…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-03-17 Natalie C. Behague , Trent Marbach , Pawel Pralat

In this note, we study a dynamic vertex coloring for a graph $G$. In particular, one starts with a certain set of vertices black, and all other vertices white. Then, at each time step, a black vertex with exactly one white neighbor forces…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-11-02 Randy Davila , Thomas Kalinowski , Sudeep Stephen

The concept of zero forcing is extended from graphs to uniform hypergraphs in analogy with the way zero forcing was defined as an upper bound for the maximum nullity of the family of symmetric matrices whose nonzero pattern of entries is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-08-30 Leslie Hogben