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The properties of cosmic rays with energies above 1PeV have to be deduced from the spacetime structure and particle content of the air showers which they initiate. In this review, a summary of the phenomenology of these giant air showers is…

Astrophysics · Physics 2017-08-23 M. T. Dova

The radio detection of very inclined air showers offers a promising avenue for studying ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) and neutrinos. Accurate reconstruction methods are essential for investigating the properties of primary…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-07-24 Kewen Zhang , Duan Kaikai , Ramesh Koirala , Matías Tueros , Chao Zhang , Yi Zhang

The density dependence of nuclear symmetry energy remains poorly constrained. Starting from precise empirical values of the nuclear volume and surface symmetry energy coefficients and the nuclear saturation density, we show how in the ambit…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2015-06-12 B. K. Agrawal , J. N. De , S. K. Samaddar

The spatial development of hadronic showers in the CALICE scintillator-steel analogue hadron calorimeter is studied using test beam data collected at CERN and FNAL for single positive pions and protons with initial momenta in the range from…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2016-07-13 The CALICE Collaboration , G. Eigen , T. Price , N. K. Watson , J. S. Marshall , M. A. Thomson , D. R. Ward , D. Benchekroun , A. Hoummada , Y. Khoulaki , J. Apostolakis , A. Dotti , G. Folger , V. Ivantchenko , A. Ribon , V. Uzhinskiy , J. -Y. Hostachy , L. Morin , E. Brianne , A. Ebrahimi , K. Gadow , P. Göttlicher , C. Günter , O. Hartbrich , B. Hermberg , A. Irles , F. Krivan , K. Krüger , J. Kvasnicka , S. Lu , B. Lutz , V. Morgunov , C. Neubüser , A. Provenza , M. Reinecke , F. Sefkow , S. Schuwalow , H. L. Tran , E. Garutti , S. Laurien , M. Matysek , M. Ramilli , S. Schroeder , K. Briggl , P. Eckert , Y. Munwes , H. -Ch. Schultz-Coulon , W. Shen , R. Stamen , B. Bilki , E. Norbeck , D. Northacker , Y. Onel , B. van Doren , G. W. Wilson , K. Kawagoe , H. Hirai , Y. Sudo , T. Suehara , H. Sumida , S. Takada , T. Tomita , T. Yoshioka , M. Wing , A. Bonnevaux , C. Combaret , L. Caponetto , G. Grenier , R. Han , J. C. Ianigro , R. Kieffer , I. Laktineh , N. Lumb , H. Mathez , L. Mirabito , A. Steen , J. Berenguer Antequera , E. Calvo Alamillo , M. -C. Fouz , J. Marin , J. Puerta-Pelayo , A. Verdugo , B. Bobchenko , O. Markin , E. Novikov , V. Rusinov , E. Tarkovsky , N. Kirikova , V. Kozlov , P. Smirnov , Y. Soloviev , D. Besson , P. Buzhan , M. Chadeeva , M. Danilov , A. Drutskoy , A. Ilyin , D. Mironov , R. Mizuk , E. Popova , M. Gabriel , P. Goecke , C. Kiesling , N. van der Kolk , F. Simon , M. Szalay , S. Bilokin , J. Bonis , P. Cornebise , R. Pöschl , F. Richard , A. Thiebault , D. Zerwas , M. Anduze , V. Balagura , E. Becheva , V. Boudry , J-C. Brient , J-B. Cizel , C. Clerc , R. Cornat , M. Frotin , F. Gastaldi , F. Magniette , P. Mora de Freitas , G. Musat , S. Pavy , M. Rubio-Roy , M. Ruan , H. Videau , S. Callier , F. Dulucq , G. Martin-Chassard , L. Raux , N. Seguin-Moreau , Ch. de la Taille , J. Cvach , P. Gallus , M. Havranek , M. Janata , D. Lednicky , M. Marcisovsky , I. Polak , J. Popule , L. Tomasek , M. Tomasek , P. Sicho , J. Smolik , V. Vrba , J. Zalesak , K. Kotera , H. Ono , T. Takeshita , S. Ieki , Y. Kamiya , W. Ootani , N. Shibata , D. Jeans , S. Komamiya , H. Nakanishi

The shell correction method is revisited. Contrary to the traditional Strutinsky method, the shell energy is evaluated by an averaging over the number of particles and not over the single-particle energies, which is more consistent with the…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2009-11-10 K. Pomorski

We perform a fit to measurements of the cosmic ray spectrum and of the depth of shower maximum in the energy range between $10^{15}$~eV and $10^{18}$~eV. We consider a Galactic component that is a mixture of five representative nuclear…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-03-15 Silvia Mollerach , Esteban Roulet

In this work we compare the predictions of two representative hadronic interaction models, EPOS 1.99, and QGSJET II-03 with several extensive air showers (EAS) parameters for proton and iron primaries in the energy range $10^{17}$ -…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2012-05-30 Chabin Ch. Thakuria , K. Boruah

A new modeling way of describing the continuous absorption of electromagnetic (EM) radiation in dense partially ionized hydrogen plasma is tested in this work. It is shown that the obtained results give a possibility of calculating spectral…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2012-08-14 A. A. Mihajlov , N M Sakan , V. A. Sreckovic , Y. Vitel

The dependence of the number of extensive air showers (EAS) on the zenith angle is obtained in groups with a constant solid-angle step with different election types at separations between stations of 500 and 1000 m by using the Yakutsk EAS…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 E. S. Nikiforova

Primary energy spectral models are tested in the energy range of 1-200 PeV using standardized extensive air shower responses from BASJE-MAS, Tibet, GAMMA and KASCADE scintillation shower arrays. Results point towards the two-component…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2014-10-07 Samvel Ter-Antonyan

The mass composition of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) is commonly inferred from the first two moments of the depth of shower maximum, $X_{\rm max}$, measured by fluorescence and hybrid detectors. Such analyses require fast and…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-02-23 Carmelo Evoli , Igor Vaiman , Sergio Petrera , Francesco Salamida

The current generation of air shower radio arrays has demonstrated that the atmospheric depth of the shower maximum Xmax can be reconstructed with high accuracy. These experiments are now contributing to mass composition studies in the…

Ultra-high energy cosmic rays impinge on the atmosphere and induce air shower cascades, in which huge numbers of particles are produced. By travelling through the Earth's atmosphere and magnetic field, these particles create a noticeable…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2026-04-01 Beatriz de Errico , Charles Timmermans

The past decade or so has witnessed a large number of articles about water structure. The most incisive experiments involve radiation with a wavelength compatible with the observed inter-molecular separations found in water, of order $\sim…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2014-11-06 Alan K. Soper

Cosmic rays are messengers from highly energetic events in the Universe. These rare ultra-high-energy particles can be detected efficiently and in an affordable way using large arrays of radio antennas. Linearly polarized geomagnetic…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-08-16 Ek Narayan Paudel , Alan Coleman , Frank G. Schroeder

Recent measurements at the LHC of the p-p total cross section have reduced the uncertainty in simulations of cosmic ray air showers. In particular of the depth of shower maximum, called $X_{max}$. However, uncertainties of other important…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2016-05-18 R. U. Abbasi , G. B. Thomson

Ultra-high energy cosmic rays can be measured through the detection of radio-frequency radiation from air showers. The radio-frequency emission originates from deflections of the air-shower particles in the geomagnetic field and from a…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-10-01 Christian Glaser , Sijbrand de Jong , Martin Erdmann , Jörg R. Hörandel

Recent results of advanced experiments with sophisticated measurements of cosmic rays in the energy range of the so called knee at a few PeV indicate a distinct knee in the energy spectra of light primary cosmic rays and an increasing…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 Andreas Haungs

Using the APEX-12m telescope, continuum maps at 350~$\mu$m of eight gas-dust clouds from the southern hemisphere are obtained. Clouds are associated with the regions of massive star and star cluster formation and have dense cores. Core…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2023-01-12 L. E. Pirogov

A novel algorithm to reconstruct neutrino-induced particle showers within the ANTARES neutrino telescope is presented. The method achieves a median angular resolution of $6^\circ$ for shower energies below 100 TeV. Applying this algorithm…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2017-06-29 ANTARES Collaboration , A. Albert , M. André , M. Anghinolfi , G. Anton , M. Ardid , J. -J. Aubert , T. Avgitas , B. Baret , J. Barrios-Martí , S. Basa , V. Bertin , S. Biagi , R. Bormuth , S. Bourret , M. C. Bouwhuis , R. Bruijn , J. Brunner , J. Busto , A. Capone , L. Caramete , J. Carr , S. Celli , T. Chiarusi , M. Circella , J. A. B. Coelho , A. Coleiro , R. Coniglione , H. Costantini , P. Coyle , A. Creusot , A. Deschamps , G. De Bonis , C. Distefano , I. Di Palma , A. Domi , C. Donzaud , D. Dornic , D. Drouhin , T. Eberl , I. El Bojaddaini , D. Elsässer , A. Enzenhöfer , I. Felis , F. Folger , L. A. Fusco , S. Galatà , P. Gay , V. Giordano , H. Glotin , T. Grégoire , R. Gracia Ruiz , K. Graf , S. Hallmann , H. van Haren , A. J. Heijboer , Y. Hello , J. J. Hernández-Rey , J. Hößl , J. Hofestädt , C. Hugon , G. Illuminati , C. W. James , M. de Jong , M. Jongen , M. Kadler , O. Kalekin , U. Katz , D. Kießling , A. Kouchner , M. Kreter , I. Kreykenbohm , V. Kulikovskiy , C. Lachaud , R. Lahmann , D. Lefèvre , E. Leonora , M. Lotze , S. Loucatos , M. Marcelin , A. Margiotta , A. Marinelli , J. A. Martínez-Mora , R. Mele , K. Melis , T. Michael , P. Migliozzi , A. Moussa , E. Nezri , M. Organokov , G. E. Păvălaş , C. Pellegrino , C. Perrina , P. Piattelli , V. Popa , T. Pradier , L. Quinn , C. Racca , G. Riccobene , A. Sánchez-Losa , M. Saldaña , I. Salvadori , D. F. E. Samtleben , M. Sanguineti , P. Sapienza , F. Schüssler , C. Sieger , M. Spurio , Th. Stolarczyk , M. Taiuti , Y. Tayalati , A. Trovato , D. Turpin , C. Tönnis , B. Vallage , V. Van Elewyck , F. Versari , D. Vivolo , A. Vizzoca , J. Wilms , J. D. Zornoza , J. Zúñiga