Related papers: Alternative description of particle shower longitu…
The simulation of particle cascades initiated in the atmosphere by ultra high energy cosmic ray particles involves the generation and propagation of a huge amount of particles. As it is unpractical to follow every particle to its end,…
The development of extensive air showers at extreme energies is studied using a simulation model much simpler and cruder, but also more transparent and flexible, than existing sophisticated codes. Evidence for its satisfactory performance…
This review focuses on high-energy cosmic rays in the PeV energy range and above. Of particular interest is the knee of the spectrum around 3 PeV and the transition from cosmic rays of Galactic origin to particles from extra-galactic…
The temperature and density profiles of the Joint European Torus are parameterized using log-additive models in the control variables. Predictive error criteria are used to determine which terms in the log-linear model to include. The…
The lateral distribution function (LDF) for coherent electromagnetic radiation from air showers initiated by ultra-high-energy cosmic rays is calculated using a macroscopic description. A new expression is derived to calculate the coherent…
A photon induced shower at $E_{prim}\ge 10^{18}$ eV exhibits very specific features and is different from a hadronic one. At such energies, the LPM effect delays in average the first interactions of the photon in the atmosphere and hence…
We propose a novel approach for the determination of the nature of ultra-high energy cosmic rays by exploiting the geomagnetic deviation of muons in nearly horizontal showers. The distribution of the muons at ground level is well described…
In terms of the quark-gluon string model the analysis of the classic procedure to estimate the energy of giant air showers with help of the parameter s(600) (a density of energy deposition in the scintillator at a distance of 600 m from the…
As a basis for the interpretation of data gathered by LOPES and other experiments, we have carried out Monte Carlo simulations of geosynchrotron radio emission from cosmic ray air showers. The simulations, having been verified carefully…
The KASKADE and CORSIKA air shower generators are compared to the data collected by MASS2 balloon experiment in 1991. The test of longitudinal profile for proton, helium and muon flux production provide good constraints on these air shower…
This paper presents the set of measurements of ultra-high energy air shower radio emission at frequency 32 MHz in period of 2008-2012. The showers are selected by geomagnetic and azimuth angles and then by the energy in three intervals:…
The dependence E_h (N_e) of Extensive Air Shower (EAS) hadronic component energy flux on the number N_e of particles in EAS is investigated in the primary energy range of the order of 10^{15} - 10^{17} eV. The work was aimed at checking the…
In most high energy cosmic ray surface arrays, the primary energy is currently determined from the value of the lateral distribution function at a fixed distance from the shower core, r0. The value of r0 is mainly related to the geometry of…
Production of high-energy muons in cosmic-ray air showers, relevant for underground detectors, depends on the properties of the primary cosmic ray as well as the atmospheric temperature through the competition between decay and…
Optimum distance (Ropt) is a distance from the shower core in which the density calculated by lateral distribution function, has its minimum uncertainty. In this paper, Using CORSIKA code, proton, carbon and iron primary in the energy range…
Collisions of cosmic rays in the atmosphere may produce heavy hadrons of very high energy. The decay length of a $B$ meson of energy above $10^7$ GeV is larger than 1 km, implying that such a particle tends to interact in the air before it…
In this work is examined a new modeling way of describing the continuous absorption of electromagnetic (EM) radiation in a dense partially ionized hydrogen plasmas with electron densities about $5\cdot10^{18}$ cm$^{-3}$ -…
The shower simulation code CORSIKA has been used to investigate the electron energy and angular distributions in high-energy showers. Based on the universality of both distributions, we develop an analytical description of Cherenkov light…
This study introduces chromatic calorimetry, a novel particle detection method that uses strategically layered scintillators with different emission wavelengths. This approach aims to enhance energy measurement by capturing particle…
The ratio of the muon flux density to charged particle flux density at distances of 300 and 600 m from the shower axis ($\rhom(300)/\rhos(300)$ and $\rhom(600)/\rhos(600)$) is measured. In addition, the energy dependence of $\rhom(1000)$ is…