Related papers: Basics of Low-temperature Refrigeration
The evolution of a hadronic system after its chemical decomposition is described through a model that conserves the hadronic multiplicities to their values at chemical freeze-out. The state of the system is found as function of temperature…
We report preliminary considerations on cryogenics for a higher-energy LHC ("HE-LHC") with about 16.5 TeV beam energy and 20-T dipole magnets. In particular we sketch the heat loads scaled on the proposed principal beam parameters and size…
This review article summarizes the requirement of low temperature conditions in existing experimental approaches to quantum computation and quantum simulation.
We demonstrate successful operation of a continuous flow liquid helium magnetic cryostat (Oxford Instruments, Microstat MO) in closed cycle operation using a modular cryocooling system (ColdEdge Technologies, Stinger). For the system…
Accurate on-chip temperature sensing is critical for the optimal performance of modern CMOS integrated circuits (ICs), to understand and monitor localized heating around the chip during operation. The development of quantum computers has…
An intriguing phenomenon in non-equilibrium quantum thermodynamics is the asymmetry of thermal processes. Relaxation to thermal equilibrium is the most important dissipative process, being a key concept for the design of heat engines and…
Low-temperature electronic systems require electrical leads which have low electrical resistance to provide bias current I without excessive voltage drop V. But proper cryogenic design also requires high thermal resistance to maintain a…
This paper presents an extensive characterization and modeling of a commercial 28-nm FDSOI CMOS process operating down to cryogenic temperatures. The important cryogenic phenomena influencing this technology are discussed. The…
We have developed low temperature part of an ultra high vacuum scanning probe microscope (UHV-SPM) working at variable temperature within the range from 20 K to 700 K. To achieve the required temperature range, a flow cooling system using…
We study the quantum and classical evolution of a system of three harmonic modes interacting via a trilinear Hamiltonian. With the modes prepared in thermal states of different temperatures, this model describes the working principle of an…
Radiative cooling is an important ingredient in hydrodynamical models involving evolution of high temperature plasmas. Unfortunately, calculating an accurate cooling coefficient generally requires the solution of over a hundred differential…
We investigate, theoretically and experimentally, the thermodynamic performance of a minimal three-qubit heat-bath algorithmic cooling refrigerator. We analytically compute the coefficient of performance, the cooling power and the…
We report experimental demonstration of the feasibility of reaching temperatures below 1 mK using cryogen-free technology. Our prototype system comprises an adiabatic nuclear demagnetisation stage, based on hyperfine-enhanced nuclear…
The notion of temperature in many body elementary particle processes is in a common use for decades. Thermal models have become simple and universal effective tools to describe particle production -- not only in high energy heavy ion…
A thermal heat switch has been developed intended for cryogenic space applications operating around 100 K. The switch was designed to separate two pulse tube cold heads that cool a common focal plane array. Two cold heads are used for…
We study the heat transfer between two nanoparticles held at different temperatures that interact through nonreciprocal forces, by combining molecular dynamics simulations with stochastic thermodynamics. Our simulations reveal that it is…
A previously designed cryogenic thermal heat switch for space applications has been optimized for low mass, high structural stability, and reliability. The heat switch makes use of the large linear thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) of the…
The elastic properties of hcp $^4$He samples have been shown to display various anomalies. The elastic shear modulus stiffens and the moment of rotational inertia drops when the temperature is lowered below $\sim$ 0.2 K. The relation…
We introduce a class of thermal operations based on the collision model, where the system sequentially interacts with uncorrelated bath molecules via energy-preserving unitaries. To ensure finite complexity, each molecule is constrained to…
The incredible thermo-mechanical properties of biological materials arise from the microscopic scale due to a complex hierarchical mechanism, regulated by microinstabilities at the molecular level. The description of such complex structures…