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The spectral energy distribution and variability of several blazars (Mkn 501, 1 ES 2344+51.4, PKS 2155-30.4, 1 ES 1218+30.4, 3C 454.3) along the blazar sequence is investigated using a selfconsistent and timedependent lepto-hadronic hybrid…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2011-09-12 Matthias Weidinger , Felix Spanier

We present the results of a multi-wavelength study of a population of X-ray bright ($\rm log(F_{0.2-12 \ keV})>-12.5$), non-$\gamma$-ray detected high and extreme high synchrotron peak (HSP, EHSP; $\rm log(\nu_{\rm peak,\ Hz})>16$) BL Lacs…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-04-29 Federica Sibani , Stefano Marchesi , Ettore Bronzini , Marco Ajello , Michele Doro , Lea Marcotulli , Elisa Prandini , Cristian Vignali

Extremely high-peaked BL Lac objects - also named extreme blazars - are among the most energetic and persistent extragalactic accelerators in the Universe, defined by a synchrotron emission peaking above $10^{17}$ Hz in X-rays. Such…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-05-06 K. Abe , S. Abe , J. Abhir , A. Abhishek , V. A. Acciari , F. Acero , A. Aguasca-Cabot , I. Agudo , C. Alispach , D. Ambrosino , F. Ambrosino , T. Aniello , S. Ansoldi , L. A. Antonelli , C. Aramo , A. Arbet-Engels , C. Arcaro , T. T. H. Arnesen , P. Aubert , A. Babić , C. Bakshi , A. Baktash , M. Balbo , A. Bamba , A. Baquero Larriva , U. Barres de Almeida , J. A. Barrio , L. Barrios Jiménez , I. Batkovic , J. Baxter , J. Becerra González , W. Bednarek , E. Bernardini , J. Bernete , A. Berti , C. Bigongiari , A. Biland , E. Bissaldi , O. Blanch , G. Bonnoli , P. Bordas , Ž. Bošnjak , A. Briscioli , E. Bronzini , G. Brunelli , J. Buces , A. Bulgarelli , I. Burelli , L. Burmistrov , A. Campoy-Ordaz , M. Cardillo , S. Caroff , A. Carosi , R. Carosi , R. Carraro , M. Carretero-Castrillo , F. Cassol , A. J. Castro-Tirado , D. Cerasole , G. Ceribella , A. Cerviño Cortínez , Y. Chai , G. Chon , L. Chytka , G. M. Cicciari , A. Cifuentes Santos , J. L. Contreras , J. Cortina , S. Covino , H. Costantini , M. Croisonnier , M. Dalchenko , G. D'Amico , P. Da Vela , F. Dazzi , A. De Angelis , M. de Bony de Lavergne , R. Del Burgo , M. Delfino , C. Delgado , J. Delgado Mengual , D. della Volpe , B. De Lotto , L. Del Peral , R. de Menezes , G. De Palma , V. de Souza , C. Díaz , L. Di Bella , A. Di Piano , F. Di Pierro , R. Di Tria , L. Di Venere , A. Dinesh , D. Dominis Prester , A. Donini , D. Dorner , M. Doro , L. Eisenberger , D. Elsässer , G. Emery , L. Feligioni , J. Escudero , L. Fariña , F. Ferrarotto , A. Fiasson , L. Foffano , L. Font , F. Frías García-Lago , S. Fröse , Y. Fukazawa , S. Gallozzi , R. Garcia López , S. Garcia Soto , C. Gasbarra , D. Gasparrini , S. Gasparyan , M. Gaug , J. Giesbrecht Paiva , N. Giglietto , F. Giordano , P. Gliwny , N. Godinovic , T. Gradetzke , R. Grau , J. Green , G. Grolleron , S. Gunji , P. Günther , J. Hackfeld , D. Hadasch , A. Hahn , G. Harutyunyan , M. Hashizume , T. Hassan , K. Hayashi , L. Heckmann , M. Heller , J. Herrera Llorente , N. Hiroshima , D. Hoffmann , D. Horns , J. Houles , D. Hrupec , R. Imazawa , T. Inada , S. Inoue , K. Ioka , M. Iori , D. Israyelyan , T. Itokawa , A. Iuliano , J. Jahanvi , I. Jimenez Martinez , J. Jimenez Quiles , I. Jorge Rodrigo , J. Jormanainen , J. Jurysek , M. Kagaya , S. Kankkunen , V. Karas , H. Katagiri , T. Kayanoki , D. Kerszberg , T. Kiyomoto , G. W. Kluge , Y. Kobayashi , K. Kohri , J. Konrad , P. Kornecki , P. M. Kouch , G. Koziol , H. Kubo , J. Kushida , B. Lacave , M. Lainez , A. Lamastra , L. Lemoigne , E. Lindfors , M. Linhoff , S. Lombardi , F. Longo , R. López-Coto , M. López-Moya , A. López-Oramas , S. Loporchio , J. Lozano Bahilo , F. Lucarelli , H. Luciani , L. Lulić , P. L. Luque-Escamilla , E. Lyard , P. Majumdar , M. Makariev , M. Mallamaci , D. Mandat , G. Maneva , M. Manganaro , S. Mangano , K. Mannheim , S. Marchesi , F. Marini , M. Mariotti , P. Marquez , G. Marsella , J. Martí , D. Martin , O. Martinez , G. Martínez , M. Martínez , M. Massa , P. Maruševec , D. Mazin , S. Menchiari , J. Méndez-Gallego , S. Menon , E. Mestre Guillen , D. Miceli , T. Miener , J. M. Miranda , R. Mirzoyan , M. Molero Gonzalez , E. Molina , H. A. Mondal , T. Montaruli , A. Moralejo , A. Morselli , V. Moya , A. L. Müller , H. Muraishi , S. Nagataki , T. Nakamori , C. Nanci , A. Negro , A. Neronov , V. Neustroev , D. Nieto Castaño , M. Nievas Rosillo , C. Nigro , L. Nikolic , K. Noda , V. Novotny , S. Nozaki , M. Ohishi , A. Okumura , R. Orito , L. Orsini , J. Otero-Santos , P. Ottanelli , S. Paiano , M. Palatiello , G. Panebianco , D. Paneque , R. Paoletti , J. M. Paredes , M. Pech , M. Pecimotika , M. Peresano , F. Perrotta , M. Persic , F. Pfeifle , M. Pihet , G. Pirola , C. Plard , F. Podobnik , M. Polo , C. Pozo-Gonzaléz , P. G. Prada Moroni , E. Prandini , S. Rainò , R. Rando , W. Rhode , M. Ribó , J. Rico , G. Rodriguez Fer dez , M. D. Rodríguez Frías , A. Roy , A. Ruina , E. Ruiz-Velasco , N. Sahakyan , T. Saito , S. Sakurai , D. A. Sanchez , H. Sano , E. Santos Moura , T. Šarić , Y. Sato , F. G. Saturni , V. Savchenko , F. Schiavone , K. Schmitz , F. Schmuckermaier , F. Schussler , T. Schweizer , M. Seglar Arroyo , A. Sciaccaluga , G. Silvestri , A. Simongini , J. Sitarek , V. Sliusar , I. Sofia , D. Sobczynska , A. Stamerra , J. Strišković , D. Strom , M. Strzys , Y. Suda , A. Sunny , H. Tajima , M. Takahashi , R. Takeishi , S. J. Tanaka , D. Tateishi , T. Tavernier , P. Temnikov , Y. Terada , K. Terauchi , T. Terzic , M. Teshima , M. Tluczykont , T. Tomura , D. F. Torres , F. Tramonti , P. Travnicek , G. Tripodo , A. Tutone , S. Ubach , M. Vacula , M. Vázquez Acosta , S. Ventura , G. Verna , I. Viale , A. Viana , A. Vigliano , C. F. Vigorito , E. Visentin , V. Vitale , G. Voutsinas , I. Vovk , T. Vuillaume , R. Walter , C. Walther , F. Wersig , M. Will , T. Yamamoto , R. Yamazaki , Y. Yao , P. K. H. Yeung , T. Yoshida , T. Yoshikoshi , W. Zhang , N. Zywucka , F. D'Ammando , D. Linder , F. Wierda

Blazars, a subclass of radio-loud active galactic nuclei with relativistic jets aligned close to our line of sight, emit highly variable non-thermal radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum. The physical origin of their emission and…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-01-14 Stella Boula , Apostolos Mastichiadis , Demosthenes Kazanas

Most of the extragalactic sources detected at TeV energies are BL Lac objects. They belong to the subclass of "high frequency peaked BL Lacs" (HBLs) exhibiting spectral energy distributions with a lower energy peak in the X-ray band; this…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-04 F. Massaro , A. Paggi , M. Elvis , A. Cavaliere

In this work, we study the parameter space of neutrino-emitting BL Lacs under the framework of the one-zone lepto-hadronic model. We show that constraints on the model come from various aspects of observations such as the variability…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-07-04 ZhiPeng Ma , Kai Wang

TeV emission from BL Lacertae (BL) objects is commonly modeled as Synchrotron-Self Compton (SSC) radiation from relativistically moving homogeneous plasma blobs. In the context of these models, the blob Lorentz factors needed to reproduce…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-10 Markos Georganopoulos , Demosthenes Kazanas

The majority of the extragalactic sources yet detected at TeV photon energies belong to the class of "high frequency peaked BL Lacs" (HBLs) that exhibit a spectral energy distribution with a lower peak in the X-ray band. Such spectra are…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-04 F. Massaro , A. Paggi , A. Cavaliere

We calculate the spectral energy distribution (SED) of electromagnetic radiation and the spectrum of high energy neutrinos from BL Lac objects in the context of the Synchrotron Proton Blazar Model. In this model, the high energy hump of the…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 A. Muecke , R. J. Protheroe , R. Engel , J. P. Rachen , T. Stanev

1ES 1959+650 is a bright TeV high-frequency-peaked BL Lac object exhibiting interesting features like "orphan" TeV flares and a broad emission in the high-energy regime, that are difficult to interpret using conventional one-zone…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-07-01 MAGIC Collaboration , V. A. Acciari , S. Ansoldi , L. A. Antonelli , A. Arbet Engels , D. Baack , A. Babić , B. Banerjee , U. Barres de Almeida , J. A. Barrio , J. Becerra González , W. Bednarek , L. Bellizzi , E. Bernardini , A. Berti , J. Besenrieder , W. Bhattacharyya , C. Bigongiari , A. Biland , O. Blanch , G. Bonnoli , Z. Bosnjak , G. Busetto , R. Carosi , G. Ceribella , Y. Chai , S. Cikota , S. M. Colak , U. Colin , E. Colombo , J. L. Contreras , J. Cortina , S. Covino , V. D'Elia , P. Da Vela , F. Dazzi , A. De Angelis , B. De Lotto , M. Delfino , J. Delgado , F. Di Pierro , E. Do Souto Espiñeira , D. Dominis Prester , A. Donini , D. Dorner , M. Doro , D. Elsaesser , V. Fallah Ramazani , A. Fattorini , A. Fernández-Barral , G. Ferrara , D. Fidalgo , L. Foffano , M. V. Fonseca , L. Font , C. Fruck , S. Fukami , S. Gallozzi , R. J. García López , M. Garczarczyk , S. Gasparyan , M. Gaug , N. Godinović , D. Green , D. Guberman , D. Hadasch , A. Hahn , J. Herrera , J. Hoang , D. Hrupec , T. Inada , S. Inoue , K. Ishio , Y. Iwamura , L. Jouvin , H. Kubo , J. Kushida , A. Lamastra , D. Lelas , F. Leone , E. Lindfors , S. Lombardi , F. Longo , M. López , R. López-Coto , A. López-Oramas , B. Machado de Oliveira Fraga , C. Maggio , P. Majumdar , M. Makariev , M. Mallamaci , G. Maneva , M. Manganaro , K. Mannheim , L. Maraschi , M. Mariotti , M. Martínez , S. Masuda , D. Mazin , S. Mićanović , D. Miceli , M. Minev , J. M. Miranda , R. Mirzoyan , E. Molina , A. Moralejo , D. Morcuende , V. Moreno , E. Moretti , P. Munar-Adrover , V. Neustroev , A. Niedzwiecki , C. Nigro , K. Nilsson , D. Ninci , K. Nishijima , K. Noda , L. Nogués , M. Nöthe , S. Nozaki , S. Paiano , J. Palacio , M. Palatiello , D. Paneque , R. Paoletti , J. M. Paredes , P. Peñil , M. Peresano , M. Persic , P. G. Prada Moroni , E. Prandini , I. Puljak , W. Rhode , M. Ribó , J. Rico , C. Righi , A. Rugliancich , L. Saha , N. Sahakyan , T. Saito , S. Sakurai , K. Satalecka , T. Schweizer , J. Sitarek , I. Šnidarić , D. Sobczynska , A. Somero , A. Stamerra , D. Strom , M. Strzys , T. Surić , M. Takahashi , F. Tavecchio , P. Temnikov , T. Terzić , M. Teshima , N. Torres-Albà , S. Tsujimoto , J. van Scherpenberg , G. Vanzo , M. Vazquez Acosta , I. Vovk , M. Will , D. Zarić , Fermi-LAT Collaboration , : , M. Hayashida

We introduce a methodology for analysis of multiwavelength data from X-ray selected BL Lac (XBL) objects detected in the TeV regime. By assuming that the radio--through--X-ray flux from XBLs is nonthermal synchrotron radiation emitted by…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 Justin Finke , Charles Dermer , Markus Boettcher

With their rapid, violent variability and broad featureless continuum emission, blazars have puzzled astronomers for over two decades. Today blazars represent the only extragalactic objects detected in high-energy gamma-rays. Their spectral…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-31 Eric S. Perlman

The very high energy (VHE) $\gamma$-ray spectra of some TeV Blazars, after being corrected for absorption in the extragalactic background light (EBL), appear unusually hard, which poses challenges to conventional acceleration and emission…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-05-28 E. Lefa , F. M. Rieger , F. Aharonian

We develop a model for a possible origin of hard very high energy spectra from a distant blazar. In the model, both the primary photons produced in the source and secondary photons produced outside the source contribute to the observed high…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2016-09-30 Y. G. Zheng , T. Kang

Extreme high-synchrotron peaked blazars (EHSPs) are rare high-energy sources characterised by synchrotron peaks beyond 10$^{17}$ Hz in their spectral energy distributions (SEDs). Their extreme properties challenge conventional blazar…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-08-26 M. Láinez , M. Nievas-Rosillo , A. Domínguez , J. L. Contreras , J. Becerra González , A. Dinesh , V. S. Paliya

Blazars are promising high-energy neutrino source candidates. However, leptohadronic models face challenges in describing neutrino emission within a viable energy budget, and their predictive power is limited by the commonly used…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-04-08 Xavier Rodrigues , Frank Rieger , Artem Bohdan , Paolo Padovani

Blazars can be classified on the basis of their overall Spectral Energy Distribution (SED). BL Lac objects are usually divided in LBL or HBL (Low or High energy peaked BL Lacs), according to the peak frequency of the synchrotron emission,…

Both leptonic and hadronic emission processes may contribute to blazar jet emission; which dominates in blazars's high energy emission component remains an open question. Some intermediate synchrotron peaked blazars transition from their…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-06-01 Abel L. Peirson , Ioannis Liodakis , Roger W. Romani

Very high energy (VHE; $E \geq$ 100GeV) $\gamma-$ray from cosmological distances are attenuated by the extragalactic background light (EBL) in the IR to UV band. By contrasting measured versus intrinsic emission, the EBL photon density can…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-09-01 Longhua Qin , Jiancheng Wang , Quangui Gao , Weiwei Na , Huaizhen Li , Ju Ma , Jianping Yang

We investigate the origin of high-energy emission in blazars within the context of the leptohadronic one-zone model. We find that $\gamma$-ray emission can be attributed to synchrotron radiation either from protons or from secondary leptons…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-15 Apostolos Mastichiadis , Maria Petropoulou , Stavros Dimitrakoudis