Related papers: Digits of pi: limits to the seeming randomness
In Galperin billiards, two balls colliding with a hard wall form an analog calculator for the digits of the number $\pi$. This classical, one-dimensional three-body system (counting the hard wall) calculates the digits of $\pi$ in a base…
Many mathematical, man-made and natural systems exhibit a leading-digit bias, where a first digit (base 10) of 1 occurs not 11\% of the time, as one would expect if all digits were equally likely, but rather 30\%. This phenomenon is known…
Let pi(x) denote the number of primes smaller or equal to x. We compare sqrt{pi}(x) with sqrt{R}(x) and sqrt{li}(x), where R(x) and li(x) are the Riemann function and the logarithmic integral, respectively. We show a regularity in the…
We give metric theorems for the property of Borel normality for real numbers under the assumption of digit dependencies in their expansion in a given integer base. We quantify precisely how much digit dependence can be allowed such that,…
We describe how to compute very far decimals of $$\pi$$ and how to provide formal guarantees that the decimals we compute are correct. In particular, we report on an experiment where 1 million decimals of $$\pi$$ and the billionth…
Large language models (LLMs) frequently make errors when handling even simple numerical problems, such as comparing two small numbers. A natural hypothesis is that these errors stem from how LLMs represent numbers, and specifically, whether…
We give an elementary proof that the sum of the digits of $2^n$ in base 10 is greater than $\log_4 n$. In particular, the limit of the sum of digits of $2^n$ is infinite.
In this work, we obtain an iterative formula that can be used for computing digits of $\pi$ and nested radicals of kind $c_n/\sqrt{2 - c_{n - 1}}$, where $c_0 = 0$ and $c_n = \sqrt{2 + c_{n - 1}}$. We also show how with the help of this…
By using an asymptotic formula known for the numbers of Euler and Bernoulli it is possible to obtain an explicit expression of the nth digit of $\pi$ in decimal or in binary, it also makes it possible to obtain the $n^{\rm th}$ digit of…
The prime numbers look like a randomly chosen sequence of natural numbers, but there is still no strict theory to determine 'Randomness'. In these years, cryptography has developed a battery of statistical tests for randomness. In this…
In this paper, we will see that the proportion of d as p th digit, where p > 1 and d $\in$ 0, 9, in data (obtained thanks to the hereunder developed model) is more likely to follow a law whose probability distribution is determined by a…
In this paper we deal with a classical problem in elementary number theory, namely repeating decimals. We show how the digits of the period of the decimal representation of any fraction $\frac{k}{m}$, where $k$ and $m$ are positive integers…
Let $(a(n) : n \in \mathbb{N})$ denote a sequence of nonnegative integers. Let $0.a(1)a(2)...$ denote the real number obtained by concatenating the digit expansions, in a fixed base, of consecutive entries of $(a(n) : n \in \mathbb{N})$.…
Given natural parameters s and r, where $2\leq s\leq r$, we consider the distribution of a random variable $\xi=\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\infty}s^{-k}\xi_k\equiv\Delta^{r_s}_{\xi_1\xi_2...\xi_k...},$ where $(\xi_k)$ is a sequence of independent…
In the paper, I consider appearance of unit's digits in minor totals of a few integer sequences. The sequences include the sequence of even integers, sequence of odd integers and Faulhaber polynomial at $p = 2$. Application of difference…
This article is meant to provide an additional point of view, applying known knowledge, to supply keys that have a series of non-repeating digits, in a manner that is not usually thought of. Traditionally, prime numbers are used in…
In science, as in life, `surprises' can be adequately appreciated only in the presence of a null model, what we expect a priori. In physics, theories sometimes express the values of dimensionless physical constants as combinations of…
BBP-type formulas are usually discovered experimentally, one at a time and in specific bases, through computer searches. In this paper, however, we derive directly, without doing any searches, explicit digit extraction BBP-type formulas in…
We consider $\Phi(x)=x^{-\frac{1}{4}}\left[1-2\sqrt{x}\Sigma e^{-p^2\pi x}\ln p\right]$ on $x>0$, where the sum is over all primes $p$. If $\Phi$ is bounded on $x>0$, then the Riemann hypothesis is true or there are infinitely many zeros…
The author gives the full list of his conjectures on series for powers of $\pi$ and other important constants scattered in some of his public papers or his private diaries. The list contains 234 reasonable conjectural series. On the list…