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We present a mathematical construction for the restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) that doesn't require specifying the number of hidden units. In fact, the hidden layer size is adaptive and can grow during training. This is obtained by first…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-03-21 Marc-Alexandre Côté , Hugo Larochelle

A goal of unsupervised machine learning is to build representations of complex high-dimensional data, with simple relations to their properties. Such disentangled representations make easier to interpret the significant latent factors of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-06 Jorge Fernandez-de-Cossio-Diaz , Simona Cocco , Remi Monasson

State-of-the-art training algorithms for deep learning models are based on stochastic gradient descent (SGD). Recently, many variations have been explored: perturbing parameters for better accuracy (such as in Extragradient), limiting SGD…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-23 Amirkeivan Mohtashami , Martin Jaggi , Sebastian U. Stich

Perturbation with diverse unlabeled data has proven beneficial for semi-supervised medical image segmentation (SSMIS). While many works have successfully used various perturbation techniques, a deeper understanding of learning perturbations…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-23 Zhenyan Yao , Miao Zhang , Lanhu Wu , Yongri Piao , Feng Tian , Weibing Sun , Huchuan Lu

Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBM) have attracted a lot of attention of late, as one the principle building blocks of deep networks. Training RBMs remains problematic however, because of the intractibility of their partition function. The…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2010-12-17 Guillaume Desjardins , Aaron Courville , Yoshua Bengio

We consider the problem of discriminatively learning restricted Boltzmann machines in the presence of relational data. Unlike previous approaches that employ a rule learner (for structure learning) and a weight learner (for parameter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-29 Navdeep Kaur , Gautam Kunapuli , Sriraam Natarajan

This paper presents an approach to trajectory-centric learning control based on contraction metrics and disturbance estimation for nonlinear systems subject to matched uncertainties. The approach uses deep neural networks to learn uncertain…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-25 Pan Zhao , Ziyao Guo , Yikun Cheng , Aditya Gahlawat , Hyungsoo Kang , Naira Hovakimyan

Contrastive divergence is a popular method of training energy-based models, but is known to have difficulties with training stability. We propose an adaptation to improve contrastive divergence training by scrutinizing a gradient term that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Yilun Du , Shuang Li , Joshua Tenenbaum , Igor Mordatch

We developed an adaptive structure learning method of Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) which can generate/annihilate neurons by self-organizing learning method according to input patterns. Moreover, the adaptive Deep Belief Network (DBN)…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-07-12 Shin Kamada , Takumi Ichimura

Maximum likelihood (ML) learning for energy-based models (EBMs) is challenging, partly due to non-convergence of Markov chain Monte Carlo.Several variations of ML learning have been proposed, but existing methods all fail to achieve both…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-04-24 Xinwei Zhang , Zhiqiang Tan , Zhijian Ou

Restricted Boltzmann machines~(RBMs) and conditional RBMs~(CRBMs) are popular models for a wide range of applications. In previous work, learning on such models has been dominated by contrastive divergence~(CD) and its variants. Belief…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-06 Wei Ping , Alexander Ihler

Deep Boltzmann machines (DBMs), one of the first ``deep'' learning methods ever studied, are multi-layered probabilistic models governed by a pairwise energy function that describes the likelihood of all variables/nodes in the network. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-12 Zhili Feng , Ezra Winston , J. Zico Kolter

This work analyzes centered binary Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBMs) and binary Deep Boltzmann Machines (DBMs), where centering is done by subtracting offset values from visible and hidden variables. We show analytically that (i)…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-02-08 Jan Melchior , Asja Fischer , Laurenz Wiskott

Understanding the results of deep neural networks is an essential step towards wider acceptance of deep learning algorithms. Many approaches address the issue of interpreting artificial neural networks, but often provide divergent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Vadim Borisov , Johannes Meier , Johan van den Heuvel , Hamed Jalali , Gjergji Kasneci

Model-free adaptive optimization methods are capable of optimizing unknown, time-varying processes even when other optimization methods are not. However, their practical application is often limited by perturbations that are used to gather…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-28 Leontine Aarnoudse , Mark Haring , Nathan van de Wouw , Alexey Pavlov

Restricted Boltzmann machines (RBMs) with low-precision synapses are much appealing with high energy efficiency. However, training RBMs with binary synapses is challenging due to the discrete nature of synapses. Recently Huang proposed one…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-10 Xiangming Meng

Deep neural network training involves both forward propagation (from features through logits to loss) and backward propagation (from loss through gradients to parameter updates). While perturbations along the forward chain, including…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Hua Li

We introduce Constr-DRKM, a deep kernel method for the unsupervised learning of disentangled data representations. We propose augmenting the original deep restricted kernel machine formulation for kernel PCA by orthogonality constraints on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Francesco Tonin , Panagiotis Patrinos , Johan A. K. Suykens

The instability is shown in the existing methods of representation learning based on Euclidean distance under a broad set of conditions. Furthermore, the scarcity and high cost of labels prompt us to explore more expressive representation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-07 Jielei Chu , Jing Liu , Hongjun Wang , Meng Hua , Zhiguo Gong , Tianrui Li

Continual Learning (CL) aims to enable models to continuously acquire new knowledge from a sequence of tasks with avoiding the forgetting of learned information. However, existing CL methods only rely on the parameters of the most recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Haomiao Qiu , Miao Zhang , Ziyue Qiao , Liqiang Nie