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The \emph{state complexity} of a regular language $L_m$ is the number $m$ of states in a minimal deterministic finite automaton (DFA) accepting $L_m$. The state complexity of a regularity-preserving binary operation on regular languages is…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2018-12-13 Janusz Brzozowski , Lila Kari , Bai Li , Marek Szykuła

We show that for any two distinct words $ s_1, s_2 $ over an arbitrary alphabets, there exists a deterministic finite automaton with $ O(\log^2 n) $ states that accepts $ s_1 $ and rejects $ s_2 $. This improves the previous upper bound of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Bogdan C. Dumitru

We introduce a subclass of the commutative regular languages that is characterized by the property that the state set of the minimal deterministic automaton can be written as a certain Cartesian product. This class behaves much better with…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Stefan Hoffmann

For nonnegative integers $q,n,d$, let $A_q(n,d)$ denote the maximum cardinality of a code of length $n$ over an alphabet $[q]$ with $q$ letters and with minimum distance at least $d$. We consider the following upper bound on $A_q(n,d)$. For…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-08-07 Bart Litjens , Sven Polak , Alexander Schrijver

Indexed languages are a classical notion in formal language theory, which has attracted attention in recent decades due to its role in higher-order model checking: They are precisely the languages accepted by order-2 pushdown automata. The…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Richard Mandel , Corto Mascle , Georg Zetzsche

The state complexity, respectively, nondeterministic state complexity of a regular language $L$ is the number of states of the minimal deterministic, respectively, of a minimal nondeterministic finite automaton for $L$. Some of the most…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Arto Salomaa , Kai Salomaa , Taylor J. Smith

We resolve an open question by determining matching (asymptotic) upper and lower bounds on the state complexity of the operation that sends a language L to (c(L*))*, where c() denotes complement.

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2012-03-27 Galina Jiraskova , Jeffrey Shallit

Most slowly synchronizing automata over binary alphabets are circular, i.e., containing a letter permuting the states in a single cycle, and their set of synchronizing words has maximal state complexity, which also implies complete…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Stefan Hoffmann

In this paper we explore a new hierarchy of classes of languages and infinite words and its connection with complexity classes. Namely, we say that a language belongs to the class $L_k$ if it is a subset of the catenation of $k$ languages…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2014-06-17 J. Cassaigne , A. E. Frid , S. Puzynina , L. Q. Zamboni

We study the complexity of computation in finitely generated free left, right and two-sided adequate semigroups and monoids. We present polynomial time (quadratic in the RAM model of computation) algorithms to solve the word problem and…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2013-12-02 Mark Kambites , Alexandr Kazda

We study descriptive complexity properties of the class of regular bifix-free languages, which is the intersection of prefix-free and suffix-free regular languages. We show that there exist a single ternary universal (stream of) bifix-free…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2017-01-16 Robert Ferens , Marek Szykuła

In {\sc MaxSat}, we ask for an assignment which satisfies the maximum number of clauses for a boolean formula in CNF. We present an algorithm yielding a run time upper bound of $O^*(2^{\frac{1}{6.2158}})$ for {\sc Max-2-Sat} (each clause…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2008-12-18 Daniel Raible , Henning Fernau

We present new results on finite satisfiability of logics with counting and arithmetic. One result is a tight bound on the complexity of satisfiability of logics with so-called local Presburger quantifiers, which sum over neighbors of a…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Michael Benedikt , Chia-Hsuan Lu , Tony Tan

A non-empty word $w$ is a border of the word $u$ if $\vert w\vert<\vert u\vert$ and $w$ is both a prefix and a suffix of $u$. A word $u$ with the border $w$ is closed if $u$ has exactly two occurrences of $w$. A word $u$ is privileged if…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2020-01-22 Josef Rukavicka

A temporal constraint language is a set of relations that are first-order definable over (Q;<). We show that several temporal constraint languages whose constraint satisfaction problem is maximally tractable are also maximally tractable for…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-04-26 Manuel Bodirsky , Hubie Chen , Michał Wrona

We compute the exact maximum state complexity for the language consisting of $m$ words of length $N$, and characterize languages achieving the maximum. We also consider a special case, namely languages $C(w)$ consisting of the conjugates of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-12-19 Daniel Gabric , Štěpán Holub , Jeffrey Shallit

Any finite word $w$ of length $n$ contains at most $n+1$ distinct palindromic factors. If the bound $n+1$ is reached, the word $w$ is called rich. The number of rich words of length $n$ over an alphabet of cardinality $q$ is denoted…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-03-26 Josef Rukavicka

We show that for any unambiguous finite automaton with $n$ states there exists an unambiguous finite automaton with $\sqrt{n+1} \cdot 2^{n/2}$ states that recognizes the complement language. This builds and improves upon a similar result by…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Emil Indzhev , Stefan Kiefer

The downward and upward closures of a regular language $L$ are obtained by collecting all the subwords and superwords of its elements, respectively. The downward and upward interiors of $L$ are obtained dually by collecting words having all…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2015-12-02 Prateek Karandikar , Matthias Niewerth , Philippe Schnoebelen

We give a sufficient condition under which every finite-satisfiable formula of a given PCTL fragment has a model with at most doubly exponential number of states (consequently, the finite satisfiability problem for the fragment is in…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-07-09 Miroslav Chodil , Antonín Kučera