Related papers: A self-referenced single-electron quantized-curren…
We report on high-accuracy measurements of quantized current, sourced by a tunable-barrier single-electron pump at frequencies $f$ up to $1$ GHz. The measurements were performed with a new picoammeter instrument, traceable to the Josephson…
Controlling electrons at the level of elementary charge $e$ has been demonstrated experimentally already in the 1980's. Ever since, producing an electrical current $ef$, or its integer multiple, at a drive frequency $f$ has been in a focus…
One major change of the future revision of the International System of Units (SI) is a new definition of the ampere based on the elementary charge \emph{e}. Replacing the former definition based on Amp\`ere's force law will allow one to…
Electron pumps generate a macroscopic electric current by controlled manipulation of single electrons. Despite intensive research towards a quantum current standard over the last 25 years, making a fast and accurate quantised electron pump…
The new definition of the ampere calls for a quantum current standard able to deliver a flow of elementary charges, $e$, controlled with a relative uncertainty of $10^{-8}$. Despite many efforts, nanodevices handling electrons one by one…
Nanoscale single-electron pumps can be used to generate accurate currents, and can potentially serve to realize a new standard of electrical current based on elementary charge. Here, we use a silicon-based quantum dot with tunable tunnel…
The fact that electrical current is carried by individual charges has been known for over 100 years, yet this discreteness has not been directly observed so far. Almost all current measurements involve measuring the voltage drop across a…
Recently a new explanation for the quantized current of the surface acoustic wave (SAW)-driven single electron pumps was suggested [1]. In the SAW-driven pumps the electrons are transported by the SAW along a one-dimensional semiconductor…
In 1909, Millikan showed that the charge of electrically isolated systems is quantized in units of the elementary electron charge e. Today, the persistence of charge quantization in small, weakly connected conductors allows for circuits…
A programmable quantum current generator based on the application of Ohm's law to quantum voltage and resistance standards has demonstrated a realization of the ampere from the elementary charge with a $10^{-8}$ relative uncertainty [J.…
We use time-resolved charge detection techniques to investigate single-electron tunneling in semiconductor quantum dots. The ability to detect individual charges in real-time makes it possible to count electrons one-by-one as they pass…
Precise manipulation of individual charge carriers in nanoelectronic circuits underpins practical applications of their most basic quantum property --- the universality and invariance of the elementary charge. A charge pump generates a net…
The generation of ac modulated quantized current waveforms using a semiconductor non-adiabatic single electron pump is demonstrated. In standard operation the single electron pump generates a quantized output current of I = ef where e is…
By fixing two fundamental constants from quantum mechanics, the Planck constant $h$ and the elementary charge $e$, the revised Syst\`eme International (SI) of units endorses explicitly quantum mechanics. This evolution also highlights the…
The quantized current generated by a quantum dot pump is calculated numerically. The numerical simulation is done by dividing the time varying potential into many static potentials with a short time interval and calculating the electron…
The Josephson effect in superconductors links a quantized output voltage Vout = f \cdot(h/2e) to the natural constants of the electron's charge e, Planck's constant h, and to an excitation frequency f with important applications in…
Single-charge pumps are the main candidates for quantum-based standards of the unit ampere because they can generate accurate and quantized electric currents. In order to approach the metrological requirements in terms of both accuracy and…
Increasing electric current from a single-electron source is a main challenge in an effort to establish the standard of the ampere defined by the fixed value of the elementary charge $e$ and operation frequency $f$. While the current scales…
In quantum metrology, semiconductor single-electron pumps are used to generate accurate electric currents with the ultimate goal of implementing the emerging quantum standard of the ampere. Pumps based on electrostatically defined tunable…
Many quantum technologies require a precise electrical current standard that can only be achieved with expensive cryogenics, or through the secondary standards, such as resistance or voltage. Silicon-based charge pumps could provide such a…