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The Bayesian evidence is a key tool in model selection, allowing a comparison of models with different numbers of parameters. Its use in analysis of cosmological models has been limited by difficulties in calculating it, with current…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-02-01 Juan Garcia-Bellido

The maximum type-I and type-II error exponents associated with the newly introduced almost-fixed-length hypothesis testing is characterized. In this class of tests, the decision-maker declares the true hypothesis almost always after…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-05-18 Anusha Lalitha , Tara Javidi

We introduce the groupoidal analogue \tilde\Theta to Joyal's cell category \Theta and we prove that \tilde\Theta is a strict test category in the sense of Grothendieck. This implies that presheaves on \tilde\Theta model homotopy types in a…

Algebraic Topology · Mathematics 2020-09-07 Dimitri Ara

AB testing aids business operators with their decision making, and is considered the gold standard method for learning from data to improve digital user experiences. However, there is usually a gap between the requirements of practitioners,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-28 Srivas Chennu , Andrew Maher , Christian Pangerl , Subash Prabanantham , Jae Hyeon Bae , Jamie Martin , Bud Goswami

We give a classical confidence belt construction which unifies the treatment of upper confidence limits for null results and two-sided confidence intervals for non-null results. The unified treatment solves a problem (apparently not…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2008-11-26 Gary J. Feldman , Robert D. Cousins

In the problem of classical group testing one aims to identify a small subset (of size $d$) diseased individuals/defective items in a large population (of size $n$). This process is based on a minimal number of suitably-designed group tests…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-09-26 Xiwei Cheng , Sidharth Jaggi , Qiaoqiao Zhou

Testing hypotheses is an issue of primary importance in the scientific research, as well as in many other human activities. Much clarification about it can be achieved if the process of learning from data is framed in a stochastic model of…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2007-05-23 G. D'Agostini

Hypothesis testing is a useful statistical tool in determining whether a given model should be rejected based on a sample from the population. Sample data may contain sensitive information about individuals, such as medical information.…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-06-03 Marco Gaboardi , Hyun woo Lim , Ryan Rogers , Salil Vadhan

Every philosophy has holes, and it is the responsibility of proponents of a philosophy to point out these problems. Here are a few holes in Bayesian data analysis: (1) the usual rules of conditional probability fail in the quantum realm,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-11-12 Andrew Gelman , Yuling Yao

Binary classification is a task that involves the classification of data into one of two distinct classes. It is widely utilized in various fields. However, conventional classifiers tend to make overconfident predictions for data that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Shoma Yokura , Akihisa Ichiki

A standard practice in statistical hypothesis testing is to mention the p-value alongside the accept/reject decision. We show the advantages of mentioning an e-value instead. With p-values, it is not clear how to use an extreme observation…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-04-04 Peter Grünwald

We consider the problem of uncertainty assessment for low dimensional components in high dimensional models. Specifically, we propose a decorrelated score function to handle the impact of high dimensional nuisance parameters. We consider…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-01-22 Yang Ning , Han Liu

Informally, "Information Inconsistency" is the property that has been observed in many Bayesian hypothesis testing and model selection procedures whereby the Bayesian conclusion does not become definitive when the data seems to become…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-10-27 Joris Mulder , James O. Berger , Víctor Peña , M. J. Bayarri

Although propensity scores have been central to the estimation of causal effects for over 30 years, only recently has the statistical literature begun to consider in detail methods for Bayesian estimation of propensity scores and causal…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-04-09 Corwin M. Zigler

Bayesian methods are useful for statistical inference. However, real-world problems can be challenging using Bayesian methods when the data analyst has only limited prior knowledge. In this paper we consider a class of problems, called…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-11-20 Yixuan Qiu , Lingsong Zhang , Chuanhai Liu

In this paper, we consider Bayesian hypothesis testing for the balanced one-way random effects model. A special choice of the prior formulation for the ratio of variance components is shown to yield an explicit closed-form Bayes factor…

Methodology · Statistics 2013-02-27 Min Wang , Xiaoqian Sun

When using complex Bayesian models to combine information, the checking for consistency of the information being combined is good statistical practice. Here a new method is developed for detecting prior-data conflicts in Bayesian models…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-11-29 David J. Nott , Xueou Wang , Michael Evans , Berthold-Georg Englert

Bayesian sample size calculations in clinical trials usually rely on complex Monte Carlo simulations in practice. Obtaining bounds on Bayesian notions of the false-positive rate and power often lack closed-form or approximate numerical…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-03 Riko Kelter

Bayesian model selection provides a natural alternative to classical hypothesis testing based on p-values. While many papers mention that Bayesian model selection is frequently sensitive to prior specification on the parameters, there are…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-02-27 Christopher T. Franck , Robert B. Gramacy

We describe Bayes factors functions based on the sampling distributions of \emph{z}, \emph{t}, $\chi^2$, and \emph{F} statistics, using a class of inverse-moment prior distributions to define alternative hypotheses. These non-local…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-22 Saptati Datta , Riana Guha , Rachael Shudde , Valen E. Johnson