Related papers: Lagerkvist versus Crick
Degeneracy is a salient feature of genetic codes, because there are more codons than amino acids. The conventional table for genetic codes suffers from an inability of illustrating a symmetrical nature among genetic base codes. In fact,…
Why is the genetic code the way it is? The most successful theory states that the codon assignments minimise the effects of errors arising in primordial living systems. Here a transversion is reported that leaves invariant degeneracy in the…
A simple explanation for the symmetry and degeneracy of the genetic code has been suggested. An alternative to the wobble hypothesis has been proposed. This hypothesis offers explanations for: i) the difference between thymine and uracil,…
We show that our recently published Arithmetic Model of the genetic code based on Godel Encoding is robust against symmetry transformations, specially Rumer s one U > G, A > C, and constitutes a link between the degeneracy structure and the…
Important aspects of the process of information storage and retrieval in DNA and RNA, and its evolution, are the role of the anticodons and associated $t$RNA's, and correlations between anticodons and amino acids; the degeneracy of the…
It has been proposed that the degeneracy of the genetic code,i.e., the phenomenon that different codons (base triplets) of DNA are transcribed into the same amino acid, may be interpreted as the result of a symmetry breaking process. In the…
The present work is devoted to describe a set of rules explaining the discriminating versus non-discriminating behavior of the di-basic stages and to characterize the role of each base in determining such a behavior. Bases are analyze as…
We discuss the similarity of the degeneration structure of the genetic code with a pure number theoretic -- ``divisors code.'' The most interesting thing about our observation is not that there is a connection between number theory and the…
The matrix form of the presentation of the genetic code is described as the cognitive form to analyze structures of the genetic code. A similar matrix form is utilized in the theory of signal processing. The Kronecker family of the genetic…
The genetic code is nearly universal, and the arrangement of the codons in the standard codon table is highly non-random. The three main concepts on origin and evolution of the code are the stereochemical theory; the coevolution theory; and…
A hypothesis of the evolution of the genetic code is proposed, the leading mechanism of which is the nucleotide spontaneous damage leading to AT-enrichment of the genome. The hypothesis accounts for stability of the genetic code towards…
Degeneracy of the genetic code is a biological way to minimize effects of the undesirable mutation changes. Degeneration has a natural description on the 5-adic space of 64 codons $\mathcal{C}_5 (64) = \{n_0 + n_1 5 + n_2 5^2 : n_i = 1, 2,…
A representation of the genetic code as a six-dimensional Boolean hypercube is proposed. It is assumed here that this structure is the result of the hierarchical order of the interaction energies of the bases in codon-anticodon recognition.…
The universal genetic code presents a fundamental paradox in molecular biology. Recent advances in synthetic biology have demonstrated that the code is remarkably flexible--organisms can survive with 61 codons instead of 64, natural…
A hypothesis of the evolution of the genetic code is proposed, the leading mechanism of which is the nucleotide spontaneous damage leading to AT-enrichment of the genome. The hypothesis accounts for stability of the genetic code towards…
This letter reports complete sets of two-fold symmetries between partitions of the universal genetic code. By substituting bases at each position of the codons according to a fixed rule, it happens that properties of the degeneracy pattern…
A representation of the genetic code as a six-dimensional Boolean hypercube is described. This structure is the result of the hierarchical order of the interaction energies of the bases in codon-anticodon recognition. In this paper it is…
In the present work, 16 genetic code doublets and their cognate amino acids in the genetic code are fitted into a polyhedron model. Based on the structural regularity in nucleobases, and by using a series of common-sense topological…
Coupled excitonic structures are found in natural and artificial light harvesting systems where optical transitions link different excitation manifolds. In systems with symmetry, some optical transitions are allowed, while others are…
The tendencies described in this work were revealed in the course of examination of adenine and uracil distribution in the mRNA encoding sequence. The study also discusses the usage of codons occupied by the amino acid arginine in the table…