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We study the stochastic assignment game and extend it to model multimodal mobility markets with a regulator or a Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) platform. We start by presenting general forms of one-to-one and many-to-many stochastic…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Bingqing Liu , David Watling , Joseph Y. J. Chow

In 1996, Mallozzi and Morgan [33] proposed a new model for Stackelberg games which we refer here to as the Bayesian approach. The leader has only partial information about how followers select their reaction among possibly multiple optimal…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-05-12 David Salas , Anton Svensson

In a multi-follower Bayesian Stackelberg game, a leader plays a mixed strategy over $L$ actions to which $n\ge 1$ followers, each having one of $K$ possible private types, best respond. The leader's optimal strategy depends on the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Gerson Personnat , Tao Lin , Safwan Hossain , David C. Parkes

The Stackelberg equilibrium solution concept describes optimal strategies to commit to: Player 1 (termed the leader) publicly commits to a strategy and Player 2 (termed the follower) plays a best response to this strategy (ties are broken…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-08-24 Branislav Bosansky , Simina Branzei , Kristoffer Arnsfelt Hansen , Peter Bro Miltersen , Troels Bjerre Sorensen

A large number of application problems involve two levels of optimization, where one optimization task is nested inside the other. These problems are known as bilevel optimization problems and have been studied by both classical…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-05-09 Ankur Sinha , Zhichao Lu , Kalyanmoy Deb , Pekka Malo

The Stackelberg game model, where a leader commits to a strategy and the follower best responds, has found widespread application, particularly to security problems. In the security setting, the goal is for the leader to compute an optimal…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-09-19 Sai Mali Ananthanarayanan , Christian Kroer

We study the problem of finding Stackelberg equilibria in games with a massive number of players. So far, the only known game instances in which the problem is solved in polynomial time are some particular congestion games. However, a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-05-31 Alberto Marchesi , Matteo Castiglioni , Nicola Gatti

Autocurricular training is an important sub-area of multi-agent reinforcement learning~(MARL) that allows multiple agents to learn emergent skills in an unsupervised co-evolving scheme. The robotics community has experimented autocurricular…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Boling Yang , Liyuan Zheng , Lillian J. Ratliff , Byron Boots , Joshua R. Smith

We introduce a reinforcement learning framework for economic design where the interaction between the environment designer and the participants is modeled as a Stackelberg game. In this game, the designer (leader) sets up the rules of the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Gianluca Brero , Alon Eden , Darshan Chakrabarti , Matthias Gerstgrasser , Amy Greenwald , Vincent Li , David C. Parkes

This paper proposes and studies a class of discrete-time finite-time-horizon Stackelberg mean-field games, with one leader and an infinite number of identical and indistinguishable followers. In this game, the objective of the leader is to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-10-11 Xin Guo , Anran Hu , Jiacheng Zhang

In a Stackelberg game, a leader commits to a randomized strategy, and a follower chooses their best strategy in response. We consider an extension of a standard Stackelberg game, called a discrete-time dynamic Stackelberg game, that has an…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-02-11 Niklas Lauffer , Mahsa Ghasemi , Abolfazl Hashemi , Yagiz Savas , Ufuk Topcu

In Stackelberg v/s Stackelberg games a collection of leaders compete in a Nash game constrained by the equilibrium conditions of another Nash game amongst the followers. The resulting equilibrium problems are plagued by the nonuniqueness of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-11-18 Ankur A. Kulkarni , Uday V. Shanbhag

Stackelberg equilibrium is a solution concept in two-player games where the leader has commitment rights over the follower. In recent years, it has become a cornerstone of many security applications, including airport patrolling and…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-02-04 Chun Kai Ling , Noam Brown

We study the problem of computing Stackelberg equilibria Stackelberg games whose underlying structure is in congestion games, focusing on the case where each player can choose a single resource (a.k.a. singleton congestion games) and one of…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-08-31 Matteo Castiglioni , Alberto Marchesi , Nicola Gatti , Stefano Coniglio

This paper studies a class of dynamic Stackelberg games under open-loop information structure with constrained linear agent dynamics and quadratic utility functions. We show two important properties for this class of dynamic Stackelberg…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-08-09 Sen Li , Wei Zhang , Jianming Lian , Karanjit Kalsi

We present a linear--quadratic Stackelberg game with a large number of followers and we also derive the mean field limit of infinitely many followers. The relation between optimization and mean-field limit is studied and conditions for…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-11-09 Michael Herty , Sonja Steffensen , Anna Thünen

Motivated by the omnipresence of hierarchical structures in many real-world applications, this study delves into the intricate realm of bi-level games, with a specific focus on exploring local Stackelberg equilibria as a solution concept.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-23 Marko Maljkovic , Gustav Nilsson , Nikolas Geroliminis

We propose a two-layer, semi-decentralized algorithm to compute a local solution to the Stackelberg equilibrium problem in aggregative games with coupling constraints. Specifically, we focus on a single-leader, multiple-follower problem,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-02-17 Filippo Fabiani , Mohammad Amin Tajeddini , Hamed Kebriaei , Sergio Grammatico

Two-vehicle racing is natural example of a competitive dynamic game. As with most dynamic games, there are many ways in which the underlying solution concept can be structured, resulting in different equilibrium concepts. The assumed…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Andrew Cinar , Forrest Laine

Interactions among selfish users sharing a common transmission channel can be modeled as a non-cooperative game using the game theory framework. When selfish users choose their transmission probabilities independently without any…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2009-05-31 Jaeok Park , Mihaela van der Schaar