Related papers: Altered Maxwell equations in the length gauge
It is shown that the well-known procedure for proving the equivalence of the expressions for the electric field calculated using the Lorentz and Coulomb gauges is incorrect. The difference between the two gauges is due to the difference in…
In this paper we use the classical electrodynamics to show that the Lorenz gauge can be incompatible with some particular solutions of the d Alembert equations for electromagnetic potentials. In its turn, the d Alembert equations for the…
Gauge transformations are potential transformations that leave only specific Maxwell fields invariant. To reveal more, I develop Lorenz field equations with full Maxwell form for nongauge, sans gauge function, transformations yielding…
On transformation to the Fourier space $({\bf k}, \omega)$, the partial differential Maxwell equations simplify to algebraic equations, and the Helmholtz theorem of vector calculus reduces to vector algebraic projections. Maxwell equations…
The multipole expansion for electromagnetic radiation, valid for all wave-lengths and all distances from bounded sources, is presented in Lorentz gauge, rather than the usual Coulomb gauge. This gauge is likely to be preferred in…
The Schwinger limit refers to longitudinal electric fields that are sufficiently strong to "polarize the vacuum" into electron-positron pairs by a tunneling mechanism. Laser fields are transverse electromagnetic fields for which the…
Although gauge invariance preserves the values of physical observables, a gauge transformation can introduce important alterations of physical interpretations. To understand this, it is first shown that a gauge transformation is not, in…
Gauge fields are special in the sense that they are invariant under gauge transformations and they lead to problems when we try quantizing them straightforwardly. To circumvent this problem we need to specify a gauge condition to fix gauge.
The fact that electromagnetic effects propagate at the speed of light suggests how the Lorenz-gauge scalar and vector potentials of a uniformly moving point charge must be modified when the charge was initially at rest and then set suddenly…
Maxwell's equations are modified to incorporate a scalar field to account for the London's superconductivity. Assuming the electromagnetic field is described by the Klein-Gordon equation, London's equations of superconductivity are then…
The main purposes of this paper are (i) to illustrate explicitly by a number of examples the gauge functions chi(x, t) whose spatial and temporal derivatives transform one set of electromagnetic potentials into another equivalent set; and…
Complementing a study which was published in this journal in 2005, we present explicit calculations of fields predicted by Maxwell's equations both in Lorenz and in Coulomb gauge. Analytic expressions are obtainable, when the source of the…
The G\"oppert-Mayer (GM) gauge transformation, of central importance in atomic, molecular, and optical physics since it connects the length gauge and the velocity gauge, becomes unphysical as the field frequency declines towards zero. This…
The significance of the Lorentz gauge as a constraint on solutions of Maxwellian waves is discussed. It is proved that recent claims of superluminal propagation of electromagnetic waves rely on an erroneous basis.
Modern undergraduate textbooks in electricity and magnetism typically focus on a force representation of electrodynamics with an emphasis on Maxwell's Equations and the Lorentz Force Law. The vector potential $\mathbf{A}$ and scalar…
The Maxwell's electromagnetic equations are isomorphic to the motion equation of a linear elastic continuum which is hard to compression though liable to shear deformation. The Coulomb gauge expresses the medium incompressibility. The…
The Maxwell field equations relative to a uniformly accelerated frame, and the variational principle from which they are obtained, are formulated in terms of the technique of geometrical gauge invariant potentials. They refer to the…
The concept of gauge invariance in classical electrodynamics assumes tacitly that Maxwell's equations have unique solutions. By calculating the electromagnetic field of a moving particle both in Lorenz and in Coulomb gauge and directly from…
Since the Maxwell theory of electromagnetic phenomena is a gauge theory, it is quite important to evaluate the zero-point energy of the quantized electromagnetic field by a careful assignment of boundary conditions on the potential and on…
Maxwell's equations comprise both electromagnetic and gravitational fields. The transverse part of the vector potential belongs to magnetism, the longitudinal one is concerned with gravitation. The Coulomb gauge indicates that longitudinal…