Related papers: Letter counting: a stem cell for Cryptology, Quant…

Quantum computers provide an opportunity to efficiently sample from probability distributions that include non-trivial interference effects between amplitudes. Using a simple process wherein all possible state histories can be specified by…

Machine learning, a branch of artificial intelligence, learns from previous experience to optimize performance, which is ubiquitous in various fields such as computer sciences, financial analysis, robotics, and bioinformatics. A challenge…

Coded computing is a distributed paradigm that uses coding theory to introduce \textit{redundancy} and overcome bottlenecks in large-scale systems. In the same vein, randomized numerical linear algebra employs probabilistic methods to…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional code generation capabilities, yet their token-level mechanisms remain underexplored, particularly in compressed models. Through systematic analysis of programming language token…

Witnesses of medieval literary texts, preserved in manuscript, are layered objects , being almost exclusively copies of copies. This results in multiple and hard to distinguish linguistic strata -- the author's scripta interacting with the…

Text Categorization is traditionally done by using the term frequency and inverse document frequency.This type of method is not very good because, some words which are not so important may appear in the document .The term frequency of…

Several complex systems are characterized by presenting intricate characteristics taking place at several scales of time and space. These multiscale characterizations are used in various applications, including better understanding…

Statistical methods have been widely employed in many practical natural language processing applications. More specifically, complex networks concepts and methods from dynamical systems theory have been successfully applied to recognize…

Quantum cryptography exploits principles of quantum physics for the secure processing of information. A prominent example is secure communication, i.e., the task of transmitting confidential messages from one location to another. The…

Randomness plays a key role in the design of attacks on cryptographic systems and cyber security algorithms in general. Random walks and quantum walks are powerful tools for mastering random phenomena. In this article, I propose a…

We analyze here in details the probability to find a given number of particles in a finite volume inside a normal or superfluid finite system. This probability, also known as counting statistics, is obtained using projection operator…

The identification of syllables within phonetic sequences is known as syllabification. This task is thought to play an important role in natural language understanding, speech production, and the development of speech recognition systems.…

Statistical linguistics has advanced considerably in recent decades as data has become available. This has allowed researchers to study how statistical properties of languages change over time. In this work, we use data from Twitter to…

A system of quantum reasoning for a closed system is developed by treating non-relativistic quantum mechanics as a stochastic theory. The sample space corresponds to a decomposition, as a sum of orthogonal projectors, of the identity…

Language models (LMs) are statistical models that calculate probabilities over sequences of words or other discrete symbols. Currently two major paradigms for language modeling exist: count-based n-gram models, which have advantages of…

The security of a cryptographic key that is generated by communication through a noisy quantum channel relies on the ability to distill a shorter secure key sequence from a longer insecure one. We show that -- for protocols that use quantum…

Quantum cryptography is reviewed, first using entanglement both for the intuition and for the experimental realizations. Next, the implementation is simplified in several steps until it becomes practical. At this point entanglement has…

Quantum-classical correspondence in conservative chaotic Hamiltonian systems is examined using a uniform structure measure for quantal and classical phase space distribution functions. The similarities and differences between quantum and…

Entanglement is known to boost the efficiency of classical communication. In distributed computation, for instance, exploiting entanglement can reduce the number of communicated bits or increase the probability to obtain a correct answer.…

Quantification has been proven to be a particularly difficult linguistic phenomenon for (Multimodal) Large Language Models (MLLMs). However, given that quantification interfaces with the logic, pragmatic, and numerical domains, the exact…