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Charge transfer statistics of quantum particles is obtained by analysing the time evolution of the many-body wave function. Exploiting properly chosen gauge transformations, we construct the probabilities for transfers of a discrete number…
Large Language Models (LLMs) show remarkable performance on a wide variety of tasks. Most LLMs split text into multi-character tokens and process them as atomic units without direct access to individual characters. This raises the question:…
With the rapid development of quantum computers the currently secure cryptographic protocols may not stay that way. Quantum mechanics provides means to create an inherently secure communication channel that is protected by the laws of…
Evolution consists of distinct stages: cosmological, biological, linguistic. Since biology verges on natural sciences and linguistics, we expect that it shares structures and features from both forms of knowledge. Indeed, in DNA we…
Given a sequence composed of a limit number of characters, we try to "read" it as a "text". This involves to segment the sequence into "words". The difficulty is to distinguish good segmentation from enormous number of random ones.Aiming at…
Authentication is a well-studied area of classical cryptography: a sender S and a receiver R sharing a classical private key want to exchange a classical message with the guarantee that the message has not been modified by any third party…
As quantum computers continue to become more capable, the possibilities of their applications increase. For example, quantum techniques are being integrated with classical neural networks to perform machine learning. In order to be used in…
To transcribe speech, automatic speech recognition systems use statistical methods, particularly hidden Markov model and N-gram models. Although these techniques perform well and lead to efficient systems, they approach their maximum…
Quantum communication is concerned with the complexity of entanglement of a state and statistical data analysis is concerned with the complexity of a model. A common key word for both is "rank". In this paper we will show that both…
Understanding how words change their meanings over time is key to models of language and cultural evolution, but historical data on meaning is scarce, making theories hard to develop and test. Word embeddings show promise as a diachronic…
Quantum computing is the process of performing calculations using quantum mechanics. This field studies the quantum behavior of certain subatomic particles for subsequent use in performing calculations, as well as for large-scale…
Language change is a cultural evolutionary process in which variants of linguistic variables change in frequency through processes analogous to mutation, selection and genetic drift. In this work, we apply a recently-introduced method to…
Encryption schemes attempt to provide a means for entities to communicate confidentially over a public channel. Such schemes have been studied for centuries, and their use has become widespread. However, developments in the area of quantum…
Infinite random sequences of letters can be viewed as stochastic chains or as strings produced by a source, in the sense of information theory. The relationship between Variable Length Markov Chains (VLMC) and probabilistic dynamical…
The analysis techniques of system log messages (syslog messages) have a long history from when the syslog mechanism was invented. Typically, the analysis consists of two parts, one is a message template generation, and the other is finding…
The protocol of quantum reading refers to the quantum enhanced retrieval of information from an optical memory, whose generic cell stores a bit of information in two possible lossy channels. In the following we analyze the case of a…
Secret sharing is a multi-party cryptographic primitive that can be applied to a network of partially distrustful parties for encrypting data that is both sensitive (it must remain secure) and important (it must not be lost or destroyed).…
Ever since the link between nonlinear science and cryptography became apparent, the problem of applying chaotic dynamics to the construction of cryptographic systems has gained a broad audience and has been the subject of thousands of…
We use an information-theoretic measure of linguistic similarity to investigate the organization and evolution of scientific fields. An analysis of almost 20M papers from the past three decades reveals that the linguistic similarity is…
The traditional approach to morphological inflection (the task of modifying a base word (lemma) to express grammatical categories) has been, for decades, to consider lexical entries of lemma-tag-form triples uniformly, lacking any…