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The redshifted 21 cm line, arising from neutral hydrogen, offers a unique probe into the intergalactic medium and the first stars and galaxies formed in the early universe. However, detecting this signal is a challenging task because of…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-09 Shijie Sun , Jiaqin Xu , Minquan Zhou , Shenzhe Xu , Fengquan Wu , Haoran Zhang , Juyong Zhang , Bin Ma , Zhaohui Shang , Xuelei Chen

The most promising near-term observable of the cosmic dark age prior to widespread reionization (z~15-200) is the sky-averaged \lambda 21 cm background arising from hydrogen in the intergalactic medium. Though an individual antenna could in…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-19 G. Bernardi , M. McQuinn , L. J. Greenhill

Global 21cm cosmology aims to investigate the cosmic dawn and epoch of reionisation by measuring the sky averaged HI absorption signal, which requires, accurate modelling of, or correction for, the bright radio foregrounds and distortions…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-01-18 Dominic Anstey , Eloy de Lera Acedo , Will Handley

Twenty-one centimeter tomography is emerging as a powerful tool to explore the end of the cosmic dark ages and the reionization epoch, but it will only be as good as our ability to accurately model and remove astrophysical foreground…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 Xiaomin Wang , Max Tegmark , Mario Santos , Lloyd Knox

The global 21 cm signal from Cosmic Dawn (CD) and the Epoch of Reionization (EoR), at redshifts $z \sim 6-30$, probes the nature of first sources of radiation as well as physics of the Inter-Galactic Medium (IGM). Given that the signal is…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2018-04-25 Saurabh Singh , Ravi Subrahmanyan , N. Udaya Shankar , Mayuri Sathyanarayana Rao , B. S. Girish , A. Raghunathan , R. Somashekar , K. S. Srivani

New low frequency radio telescopes currently being built open up the possibility of observing the 21-cm radiation before the Epoch of Reionization in the future, in particular at redshifts 200 > z > 30, also known as the dark ages. At these…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2010-01-03 Rishi Khatri , Benjamin D. Wandelt

The redshifted 21-cm signal from the dark ages offers a powerful probe of cosmological models and the underlying dark matter (DM) microphysics. We investigate deviations from the standard $\Lambda$CDM prediction, an absorption trough of…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-15 Debarun Paul , Sourav Pal , Deepthi Moorkanat , Antara Dey , Amit Dutta Banik , Rajesh Mondal

The designs of the first generation of cosmological 21-cm observatories are split between single dipole experiments which integrate over a large patch of sky in order to find the global (spectral) signature of reionization, and…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2011-05-23 Jonathan M. Bittner , Abraham Loeb

The sky-averaged (global) highly redshifted 21-cm spectrum from neutral hydrogen is expected to appear in the VHF range of $\sim20-200$ MHz and its spectral shape and strength are determined by the heating properties of the first stars and…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2018-10-24 Keith Tauscher , David Rapetti , Jack O. Burns , Eric R. Switzer

The redshifted 21-cm monopole is expected to be a powerful probe of the epoch of the first stars and galaxies ($10<z<35$). The global 21-cm signal is sensitive to the thermal and ionization state of hydrogen gas and thus provides a tracer…

Spectral measurements of the 21 cm monopole background have the promise of revealing the bulk energetic properties and ionization state of our universe from z ~ 6-30. Synchrotron foregrounds are orders of magnitude larger than the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2014-10-08 Eric R. Switzer , Adrian Liu

A number of large current experiments aim to detect the signatures of the Cosmic Reionization at redshifts z>6. Their success depends crucially on understanding the character of the reionization process and its observable consequences and…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 Ilian T. Iliev , Garrelt Mellema , Ue-Li Pen , J. Richard Bond , Paul R. Shapiro

The redshifted 21cm signal from the post-reionization epoch is highly non-Gaussian; thus, higher-order statistics, such as the bispectrum, are required to extract this non-Gaussian information. However, high-signal-to-noise ratio detection…

The sky-averaged (global) 21-cm signal is a very promising probe of the Cosmic Dawn, when the first luminous sources were formed and started to shine in a substantially neutral intergalactic medium. I here report on the status and early…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2018-08-22 G. Bernardi

Cosmological measurements of the 21-cm line of neutral hydrogen are poised to dramatically enhance our understanding of the early universe. In particular, both the epochs of reionization and cosmic dawn remain largely uncharted, and the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2021-01-13 Julian B. Muñoz , Francis-Yan Cyr-Racine

A number of radio interferometers are currently being planned or constructed to observe 21 cm emission from reionization. Not only will such measurements provide a detailed view of that epoch, but, since the 21 cm emission also traces the…

Understanding the astrophysical nature of the first stars remains an unsolved problem in cosmology. The redshifted global 21-cm signal $({T}_{21})$ acts as a treasure trove to probe the cosmic dawn era -- when the intergalactic medium was…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-05-16 Vivekanand Mohapatra , Johnny J , Pravin Kumar Natwariya , Jishnu Goswami , Alekha C. Nayak

Detecting and characterizing the Epoch of Reionization and Cosmic Dawn via the redshifted 21-cm hyperfine line of neutral hydrogen will revolutionize the study of the formation of the first stars, galaxies, black holes and intergalactic gas…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2018-05-23 F. G. Mertens , A. Ghosh , L. V. E. Koopmans

The 21 cm signal from the dark ages provides a potential new probe of fundamental cosmology. While exotic physics could be discovered, here we quantify the expected benefits within the standard cosmology. A measurement of the global…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-09-21 Rajesh Mondal , Rennan Barkana

Measurements from the Absolute Radiometer for Cosmology, Astrophysics, and Diffuse Emission 2 (ARCADE-2) reveal a strong radio background in the GHz frequency range. Since the cosmological 21-cm signal is measured relative to the background…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-02-17 Sudipta Sikder , Rajesh Mondal , Rennan Barkana , Anastasia Fialkov