Related papers: The optimal division between sample and background…

Quantum-optimal discrimination between one and two closely separated light sources can be achieved by ideal spatial-mode demultiplexing, simply monitoring whether a photon is detected in a single antisymmetric mode. However, we show that…

For the majority of optical observing programs, the sky brightness provides the fundamental limit to signal detection such that the scientific feasibility is largely dictated by the moon phase. Since most observatories do not have the…

An improved phase retrieval method based Hilbert transform is introduced to quantitatively calculate the phase distribution from distorted fringe pattern. Also phase measurement deflectomety are widely used in specular type samples. The…

It is an empirical question whether photons always obey Bose-Einstein statistics, but devising and interpreting experimental tests of photon statistics can be a challenge. The nonrelativistic cross section for Compton scattering illustrates…

Sample complexity of bias estimation is a lower bound on the runtime of any bias detection method. Many regulatory frameworks require the bias to be tested for all subgroups, whose number grows exponentially with the number of protected…

In its early implementations, background modeling was a process of building a model for the background of a video with a stationary camera, and identifying pixels that did not conform well to this model. The pixels that were not…

Consider the problem where a statistician in a two-node system receives rate-limited information from a transmitter about marginal observations of a memoryless process generated from two possible distributions. Using its own observations,…

We focus on the real-world problem of training accurate deep models for image classification of a small number of rare categories. In these scenarios, almost all images belong to the background category in the dataset (>95% of the dataset…

Photons preferentially Compton scatter perpendicular to the plane of polarisation. This property can be exploited to design instruments to measure the linear polarisation of hard X-rays ($\sim$10 - 100 keV). Photons may undergo two…

Photon-number squeezing and correlations enable measurement of absorption with an accuracy exceeding that of the shot-noise limit. However, sub-shot noise imaging and sensing based on these methods require high detection efficiency, which…

We describe how a single-particle tracking experiment should be designed in order for its recorded trajectories to contain the most information about a tracked particle's diffusion coefficient. The precision of estimators for the diffusion…

This paper presents a statistical method to subtract background in maximum likelihood fit, without relying on any separate sideband or simulation for background modeling. The method, called sFit, is an extension to the sPlot technique…

Improving the image contrast of objects immersed in weakly scattering media can be achieved using various strategies. One common approach is to reject events associated with scattered photons in favor of the detection of ballistic photons.…

Purpose: Spectral imaging is a method in medical x-ray imaging to extract information about the object constituents by the material-specific energy dependence of x-ray attenuation. The authors have investigated a photon-counting spectral…

This paper considers the problem of lossy compression for the computation of a function of two correlated sources, both of which are observed at the encoder. Due to presence of observation costs, the encoder is allowed to observe only…

A new method for measuring chance-coincidence backgrounds during the collection of coincidence data is presented. The method relies on acquiring data with near-zero dead time, which is now realistic due to the increasing deployment of flash…

Verification of a quantum advantage in the presence of noise is a key open problem in the study of near-term quantum devices. In this work, we show how to assess the quality of photonic interference in a linear optical quantum device (boson…

This paper considers how to separate text and/or graphics from smooth background in screen content and mixed content images and proposes an algorithm to perform this segmentation task. The proposed methods make use of the fact that the…

We propose a foreground segmentation algorithm that does foreground extraction under different scales and refines the result by matting. First, the input image is filtered and resampled to 5 different resolutions. Then each of them is…

Image processing and recognition are an important part of the modern society, with applications in fields such as advanced artificial intelligence, smart assistants, and security surveillance. The essential first step involved in almost all…