Related papers: Energy from the gauge invariant observables
We define passive gravitational mass operator of a hydrogen atom in the post-Newtonian approximation of general relativity and show that it does not commute with energy operator, taken in the absence of gravitational field. Nevertheless,…
Variational calculations using Gaussian wave functionals combined with an approximate projection on gauge invariant states are presented. We find that the energy exhibits a minimum for a wave functional centered around a non vanishing…
A gravitational theory involving a vector field $\chi^{\mu}$, whose zero component has the properties of a dynamical time, is studied. The variation of the action with respect to $\chi^{\mu}$ gives the covariant conservation of an energy…
In a previous publication [1], local gauge invariant geometric variables were introduced to describe the physical Hilbert space of Yang-Mills theory. In these variables, the electric energy involves the inverse of an operator which can…
We describe how the strings, which are classical solutions of the continuum three-dimensional U(1)+Higgs theory, can be studied on the lattice. The effect of an external magnetic field is also discussed and the first results on the string…
Observable states are gauge-invariant. In a non-Abelian gauge theory, these are necessarily composite operators. We investigate the spectrum of these operators in the two-Higgs-doublet model. For this purpose, we are working along the lines…
We study gauge invariant quantities in the open superstring field theory proposed by Berkovits, extending the precedent discussion in bosonic string field theory. Our gauge invariants are ``on-shell''. As its applications, we define…
In the framework of an effective field theory of general relativity a model of scalar and vector bosons interacting with the metric field is considered. It is shown in the framework of a two-loop order calculation that for the cosmological…
The simplest quantum composite body, a hydrogen atom, is considered in the presence of a weak external gravitational field. We define an operator for the passive gravitational mass of the atom in the post-Newtonian approximation of the…
We argue that the second-order gauge-invariant Schwinger-Dyson operator of a gauge theory is the Wheeler-DeWitt operator in the dual string theory. Using this identification, we construct a set of operators in the gauge theory that…
We present a series of new gauge invariant quantities in Witten's open string field theory. They are defined for a given set of open string states which satisfy the physical state condition around a classical solution. For known classical…
The simplest variant of gauge gravitation theory in Riemann-Cartan spacetime leading to the solution of the problem of cosmological singularity and dark energy problem is investigated. It is shown that this theory by certain restrictions on…
In this paper, we discuss the gravitational waves in the context of gauge theory gravity with a negative cosmological constant. The gauge theory gravity is a gravity theory under gauge formulation in the language of geometric algebra. In…
The cosmological constant is not an absolute constant. The gravitating part of the vacuum energy is adjusted to the energy density of matter and to other types of the perturbations of the vacuum. We discuss how the vacuum energy responds…
Using connection with quantum field theory, the infinitesimal covariant abelian gauge transformation laws of relativistic two-particle constraint theory wave functions and potentials are established and weak invariance of the corresponding…
Suggested theory involves a drastic revision of a role of local internal symmetries in physical concept of curved geometry. Under the reflection of fields and their dynamics from Minkowski to Riemannian space a standard gauge principle of…
Quantum field theory is assumed to be gauge invariant. It is shown that for a Dirac field the assumption of gauge invariance impacts on the way the vacuum state is defined. It is shown that the conventional definition of the vacuum state…
We obtain a form of the local thermodynamic equilibrium density operator which is invariant under pseudo-gauge transformations of the stress-energy and the spin tensors. This operator is an excellent candidate to describe the dynamics of a…
We give a general expression for the static potential energy of the gravitational interaction of two massive particles, in terms of an invariant vacuum expectation value of the quantized gravitational field. This formula holds for…
The assumption that the vacuum is the minimum energy state, invariant under unitary transformations, is fundamental to quantum field theory. However, the assertion that the conservation of charge implies that the equal time commutator of…