English

Negative Energies and Field Theory

Mathematical Physics 2008-11-20 v2 math.MP

Abstract

The assumption that the vacuum is the minimum energy state, invariant under unitary transformations, is fundamental to quantum field theory. However, the assertion that the conservation of charge implies that the equal time commutator of the charge density and its time derivative vanish for two spatially separated points is inconsistent with the requirement that the vacuum be the lowest energy state. Yet, for quantum field theory to be gauge invariant, this commutator must vanish. This essay explores how this conundrum is resolved in quantum electrodynamics.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.0809.1877,
  title  = {Negative Energies and Field Theory},
  author = {Gerald E. Marsh},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:0809.1877},
  year   = {2008}
}

Comments

Some additions and changes have been made to clarify the discussion. 14 pages, 2 figures

R2 v1 2026-06-21T11:19:01.785Z