English

Pseudo-gauge invariant non-equilibrium density operator

Nuclear Theory 2025-07-15 v1 Statistical Mechanics High Energy Physics - Theory

Abstract

We obtain a form of the local thermodynamic equilibrium density operator which is invariant under pseudo-gauge transformations of the stress-energy and the spin tensors. This operator is an excellent candidate to describe the dynamics of a system which is assumed to achieve local equilibrium from a pseudo-gauge invariant quantum state, a situation which is believed to occur, for instance, in nuclear collisions at very high energy. As a consequence of pseudo-gauge invariance, the ambiguity affecting the predictions of mean values of observables from a local equilibrium state can be removed.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2507.09249,
  title  = {Pseudo-gauge invariant non-equilibrium density operator},
  author = {F. Becattini and C. Hoyos},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2507.09249},
  year   = {2025}
}

Comments

4 pages, 1 figure

R2 v1 2026-07-01T03:57:53.122Z