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3D stacked technology has emerged as an effective mechanism to overcome physical limits and communication delays found in 2D integration. However, 3D technology also presents several drawbacks that prevent its smooth application. Two of the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-02-23 David Cuesta , José L. Risco-Martín , José L. Ayala , J. Ignacio Hidalgo

The autoregressive decoding in LLMs is the major inference bottleneck due to the memory-intensive operations and limited hardware bandwidth. 3D-stacked architecture is a promising solution with significantly improved memory bandwidth, which…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Siyuan He , Peiran Yan , Yandong He , Youwei Zhuo , Tianyu Jia

In a multiprocessor system on chip (MPSoC) IC the processor is one of the highest heat dissipating devices. The temperature generated in an IC may vary with floor plan of the chip. This paper proposes an integration and thermal analysis…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2012-01-24 Ramya Menon C. , Vinod Pangracious

Thermal behavior has become a first-order constraint in advanced 2.5D/3D integrated circuits (ICs) and heterogeneous packages. As power densities rise and multiple active dies are vertically integrated, heat removal paths become…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Baibhari Priya Barua , Md Rahatul Islam Udoy , Ahmedullah Aziz

3D integration technologies are seeing widespread adoption in the semiconductor industry to offset the limitations and slowdown of two-dimensional scaling. High-density 3D integration techniques such as face-to-face wafer bonding with…

3D integration offers key advantages in improving system performance and efficiency for the End-of-Scaling era. It enables the incorporation of heterogeneous system components and disparate technologies, eliminates off-chip communication…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Eren Kurshan , Paul Franzon

Thermally aware design of 2.5D and 3D advanced packaging systems will require fast, accurate, and powerful thermal analysis of chiplets, stacks, and packages. These systems contain multiple materials with non-linear heat transfer properties…

3D-stacked High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) architectures provide high-performance memory interactions to address the well-known performance challenge, namely the memory wall. However, these architectures are susceptible to thermal…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Mehdi Elahi , Mohamed R. Elshamy , Abdel-Hameed A. Badawy , Ahmad Patooghy

Microfluidic cooling has been recognized as one of the most promising solutions to achieve efficient thermal management for three-dimensional integrated circuits (3DICs). It enables more opportunities to architect 3DICs with different die…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Runxi Wang , Jun-Han Han , Mircea Stan , Xinfei Guo

The consistent demand for better performance has lead to innovations at hardware and microarchitectural levels. 3D stacking of memory and logic dies delivers an order of magnitude improvement in available memory bandwidth. The price paid…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2018-09-11 Karthik Rao , William Song , Yorai Wardi , Sudhakar Yalamanchili

For beyond 2-D CMOS logic, various 3-D integration approaches specially transistor based 3-D integrations such as monolithic 3-D [1], Skybridge [2], SN3D [3] holds most promise. However, such 3D architectures within small form factor…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2018-03-13 Md Arif Iqbal , Naveen Kumar Macha , Wafi Danesh , Sehtab Hossain , Mostafizur Rahman

Modern package designs make use of technologies such as backside power delivery (BSPD) and 3D stacked chiplets that require accounting for the heterogeneity in back end of the line (BEOL) structures in hot-spot prediction. Multiscale…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Mohammad Elahi , Max O. Bloomfield , Theodorian Borca-Tasciuc , Jacob S. Merson

This work builds on the previous introduction [1] of a coupled experimental-computational system devised to fully characterize the thermal behavior of complex 3D submicron electronic devices. The new system replaces the laser-based surface…

Materials Science · Physics 2007-09-13 Peter E. Raad , Pavel L. Komarov , M. Burzo

Thermal simulation plays a fundamental role in the thermal design of integrated circuits, especially 3D ICs. Current simulators require significant runtime for high-resolution simulation, and dismiss the complex nonlinear thermal effects,…

Applied Physics · Physics 2026-01-19 Qipan Wang , Tianxiang Zhu , Yibo Lin , Runsheng Wang , Ru Huang

This paper presents a method to simulate the thermal behavior of 3D systems using a graph neural network. The method discussed achieves a significant speed-up with respect to a traditional finite-element simulation. The graph neural network…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2022-09-29 Helios Sanchis-Alepuz , Monika Stipsitz

Thermal management of integrated circuits (ICs) is important to prevent thermal hotspots which are the leading cause of IC failure. Thermal management is even more critical in 3D integrated circuits (3D ICs) as the prevalence of thermal…

Applied Physics · Physics 2023-04-28 Darshan Chalise , David G. Cahill

Virtually all electronic systems try to optimize a fundamental trade-off between higher performance and lower power consumption. The latter becomes critical in mobile computing systems, such as smartphones, which rely on passive cooling.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-26 Ganapati Bhat , Suat Gumussoy , Umit Y. Ogras

3D integrated circuit (3D-IC) technology gained acceptance due to the ability to achieve extremely high level of integration, where hundreds of ICs are stacked vertically. Such level of integration can result in local power dissipation of…

Applied Physics · Physics 2019-11-04 Chandrasekhar Mandalapu , Ibrahim M Abdel-Motaleb , Sangki Hong , Robert Patti

We present a multi-phase design parameterization to obtain optimized heterogeneous lattice structures. The 3D domain is discretized into a cubical grid wherein each cube has eight distinct unit cell types or phases. When all phases are…

Materials Science · Physics 2021-03-04 Yash Agrawal , G. K. Ananthasuresh

The increasing power densities and intricate heat dissipation paths in advanced 2.5D/3D chiplet systems necessitate thermal modeling frameworks that deliver detailed thermal maps with high computational efficiency. Traditional compact…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-08 Kai Zhu , Darong Huang , Luis Costero , David Atienza
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