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In the present paper, we consider local moves on classical and welded diagrams: (self-)crossing change, (self-)virtualization, virtual conjugation, Delta, fused, band-pass and welded band-pass moves. Interrelationship between these moves is…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2019-10-25 Benjamin Audoux , Paolo Bellingeri , Jean-Baptiste Meilhan , Emmanuel Wagner

A formula for the difference of Vassiliev invariants of degree k+1 of two knots all of whose Vassiliev invariants of degree k agree is proven. The proof uses K. Habiro's C-moves and his theorem which relates them to Vassiliev invariants.

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2007-05-23 N. Askitas

We consider the actions of (semi)groups on a locally compact group by automorphisms. We show the equivalence of distality and pointwise distality for the actions of a certain class of groups. We also show that a compactly generated locally…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2019-03-27 C. R. E. Raja , Riddhi Shah

In this survey paper we present the $L$--moves between braids and how they can adapt and serve for establishing and proving braid equivalence theorems for various diagrammatic settings, such as for classical knots, for knots in knot…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2011-03-24 Sofia Lambropoulou

In a previous paper, the authors proved that Milnor link-homotopy invariants modulo $n$ classify classical string links up to $2n$-move and link-homotopy. As analogues to the welded case, in terms of Milnor invariants, we give here two…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2019-03-04 Haruko A. Miyazawa , Kodai Wada , Akira Yasuhara

The writhe polynomial is a fundamental invariant of an oriented virtual knot. We introduce a kind of local moves for oriented virtual knots called shell moves. The first aim of this paper is to prove that two oriented virtual knots have the…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2019-05-10 Takuji Nakamura , Yasutaka Nakanishi , Shin Satoh

A $4$-move is a local operation for links consisting in replacing two parallel arcs by four half twists. At the present time, it is not known if this induces an unkotting operation for knots. Studying the Dabkowski-Sahi invariant, we prove…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2020-01-13 Benoît Guerville-Ballé , Juan Viu-Sos

We describe a method of encoding various types of link diagrams, including those with classical, flat, rigid, welded, and virtual crossings. We show that this method may be used to encode link diagrams, up to equivalence, in a notation…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2013-05-03 Chad Musick

We initiate the program of extending to higher-rank graphs ($k$-graphs) the geometric classification of directed graph $C^*$-algebras, as completed in the 2016 paper of Eilers, Restorff, Ruiz, and Sorensen [ERRS16]. To be precise, we…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2020-06-25 Caleb Eckhardt , Kit Fieldhouse , Daniel Gent , Elizabeth Gillaspy , Ian Gonzales , David Pask

We introduce the concept of a 1-coaligned $k$-graph and prove that the shift maps of a $k$-graph pairwise *-commute if and only if the $k$-graph is 1-coaligned. We then prove that for 2-graphs $\Lambda$ generated from basic data *-commuting…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2013-01-01 Ben Maloney , Paulette N. Willis

We define a collection of functions $s_i$ on the set of plane trees (or standard Young tableaux). The functions are adapted from transpositions in the representation theory of the symmetric group and almost form a group action. They were…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-10-24 Laura Seegerer , Jennifer Tripp , Julianna Tymoczko , Judy Wang

Any knot diagram can be transformed into the unknot by a series of unknotting operations. This paper introduces the diagonal move, a novel unknotting operation that generalizes and unifies several existing moves. We prove that the diagonal…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2026-03-19 Danish Ali , Zhiqing Yang , Mohd Ibrahim Sheikh , Sidra Batool

For any virtual link, a class of new links can be defined called stacks, in which copies of the virtual link are placed on top of one another. The resulting virtual link depends only on the virtual isotopy class of the original link, and…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2026-02-04 Blake K Winter

C*-algebras generalizing Cuntz-Krieger algebras can be associated to hyperbolic homeomorphisms of compact metric spaces. They satisfy a non-commutative form of Spanier-Whitehead duality with respect to K-theory. We prove this for the case…

funct-an · Mathematics 2009-10-28 J. Kaminker , I. Putnam

A linkage mechanism consists of rigid bodies assembled by joints which can be used to translate and transfer motion from one form in one place to another. In this paper, we are particularly interested in a family of spacial linkage…

Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems · Physics 2019-09-30 Shizuo Kaji , Kenji Kajiwara , Hyeongki Park

We work with a generalization of knot theory, in which one diagram is reachable from another via a finite sequence of moves if a fixed condition, regarding the existence of certain morphisms in an associated category, is satisfied for every…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2019-10-29 Maciej Niebrzydowski

For each link type $K$ in the 3-sphere, we show that there is a polynomial $p_K$ such that any two diagrams of $K$ with $c_1$ and $c_2$ crossings differ by at most $p_K(c_1) + p_K(c_2)$ Reidemeister moves. As a consequence, the problem of…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2026-02-11 Marc Lackenby

There is a positive constant $c_1$ such that for any diagram $D$ representing the unknot, there is a sequence of at most $2^{c_1 n}$ Reidemeister moves that will convert it to a trivial knot diagram, $n$ is the number of crossings in $D$. A…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Joel Hass , Jeffrey C. Lagarias

We develop a calculus of surgery data, called bridged links, which involves besides links also pairs of balls that describe one-handle attachements. As opposed to the usual link calculi of Kirby and others this description uses only…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2013-06-03 Thomas Kerler

Let $B_n$ denote the classical braid group on $n$ strands and let the {\em mixed braid group} $B_{m,n}$ be the subgroup of $B_{m+n}$ comprising braids for which the first $m$ strands form the identity braid. Let…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Sofia Lambropoulou , Colin P. Rourke