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Relativistic heavy ion collisions have reached energies that enable the creation of a novel state of matter termed the quark-gluon plasma. Many observables point to a picture of the medium as rapidly equilibrating and expanding as a nearly…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2011-07-19 James L. Nagle , Ian G. Bearden , William A. Zajc

A simple geometrical model with event-by-event fluctuations is suggested to study elliptical and triangular eccentricities in the initial state of relativistic heavy-ion collisions. This model describes rather well the ALICE and ATLAS data…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2021-08-11 G. Kh. Eyyubova , V. L. Korotkikh , A. M. Snigirev , E. E. Zabrodin

Relativistic hydrodynamics has been extensively applied to high energy heavy-ion collisions. We review hydrodynamic calculations for Au+Au collisions at RHIC energies and provide a comprehensive comparison between the model and experimental…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 Peter F. Kolb , Ulrich Heinz

Flow coefficients v_n for n = 2, 3, 4, characterizing the anisotropic collective flow in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV, are measured relative to event planes \Psi_n determined at large rapidity. We report v_n as a function of…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2020-11-12 A. Adare , S. Afanasiev , C. Aidala , N. N. Ajitanand , Y. Akiba , H. Al-Bataineh , J. Alexander , K. Aoki , Y. Aramaki , E. T. Atomssa , R. Averbeck , T. C. Awes , B. Azmoun , V. Babintsev , M. Bai , G. Baksay , L. Baksay , K. N. Barish , B. Bassalleck , A. T. Basye , S. Bathe , V. Baublis , C. Baumann , A. Bazilevsky , S. Belikov , R. Belmont , R. Bennett , A. Berdnikov , Y. Berdnikov , A. A. Bickley , J. S. Bok , K. Boyle , M. L. Brooks , H. Buesching , V. Bumazhnov , G. Bunce , S. Butsyk , C. M. Camacho , S. Campbell , C. -H. Chen , C. Y. Chi , M. Chiu , I. J. Choi , R. K. Choudhury , P. Christiansen , T. Chujo , P. Chung , O. Chvala , V. Cianciolo , Z. Citron , B. A. Cole , M. Connors , P. Constantin , M. Csanád , T. Csörgő , T. Dahms , S. Dairaku , I. Danchev , K. Das , A. Datta , G. David , A. Denisov , A. Deshpande , E. J. Desmond , O. Dietzsch , A. Dion , M. Donadelli , O. Drapier , A. Drees , K. A. Drees , J. M. Durham , A. Durum , D. Dutta , S. Edwards , Y. V. Efremenko , F. Ellinghaus , T. Engelmore , A. Enokizono , H. En'yo , S. Esumi , B. Fadem , D. E. Fields , M. Finger , M. Finger, , F. Fleuret , S. L. Fokin , Z. Fraenkel , J. E. Frantz , A. Franz , A. D. Frawley , K. Fujiwara , Y. Fukao , T. Fusayasu , I. Garishvili , A. Glenn , H. Gong , M. Gonin , Y. Goto , R. Granier de Cassagnac , N. Grau , S. V. Greene , M. Grosse Perdekamp , T. Gunji , H. -Å. Gustafsson , J. S. Haggerty , K. I. Hahn , H. Hamagaki , J. Hamblen , R. Han , J. Hanks , E. P. Hartouni , E. Haslum , R. Hayano , X. He , M. Heffner , T. K. Hemmick , T. Hester , J. C. Hill , M. Hohlmann , W. Holzmann , K. Homma , B. Hong , T. Horaguchi , D. Hornback , S. Huang , T. Ichihara , R. Ichimiya , J. Ide , Y. Ikeda , K. Imai , M. Inaba , D. Isenhower , M. Ishihara , T. Isobe , M. Issah , A. Isupov , D. Ivanischev , B. V. Jacak , J. Jia , J. Jin , B. M. Johnson , K. S. Joo , D. Jouan , D. S. Jumper , F. Kajihara , S. Kametani , N. Kamihara , J. Kamin , J. H. Kang , J. Kapustinsky , K. Karatsu , D. Kawall , M. Kawashima , A. V. Kazantsev , T. Kempel , A. Khanzadeev , K. M. Kijima , B. I. Kim , D. H. Kim , D. J. Kim , E. Kim , E. J. Kim , S. H. Kim , Y. J. Kim , E. Kinney , K. Kiriluk , Á. Kiss , E. Kistenev , L. Kochenda , B. Komkov , M. Konno , J. Koster , D. Kotchetkov , A. Kozlov , A. Král , A. Kravitz , G. J. Kunde , K. Kurita , M. Kurosawa , Y. Kwon , G. S. Kyle , R. Lacey , Y. S. Lai , J. G. Lajoie , A. Lebedev , D. M. Lee , J. Lee , K. Lee , K. B. Lee , K. S. Lee , M. J. Leitch , M. A. L. Leite , E. Leitner , B. Lenzi , X. Li , P. Liebing , L. A. Linden Levy , T. Liška , A. Litvinenko , H. Liu , M. X. Liu , B. Love , R. Luechtenborg , D. Lynch , C. F. Maguire , Y. I. Makdisi , A. Malakhov , M. D. Malik , V. I. Manko , E. Mannel , Y. Mao , H. Masui , F. Matathias , M. McCumber , P. L. McGaughey , N. Means , B. Meredith , Y. Miake , A. C. Mignerey , P. Mikeš , K. Miki , A. Milov , M. Mishra , J. T. Mitchell , A. K. Mohanty , Y. Morino , A. Morreale , D. P. Morrison , T. V. Moukhanova , J. Murata , S. Nagamiya , J. L. Nagle , M. Naglis , M. I. Nagy , I. Nakagawa , Y. Nakamiya , T. Nakamura , K. Nakano , J. Newby , M. Nguyen , R. Nouicer , A. S. Nyanin , E. O'Brien , S. X. Oda , C. A. Ogilvie , M. Oka , K. Okada , Y. Onuki , A. Oskarsson , M. Ouchida , K. Ozawa , R. Pak , V. Pantuev , V. Papavassiliou , I. H. Park , J. Park , S. K. Park , W. J. Park , S. F. Pate , H. Pei , J. -C. Peng , H. Pereira , V. Peresedov , D. Yu. Peressounko , C. Pinkenburg , R. P. Pisani , M. Proissl , M. L. Purschke , A. K. Purwar , H. Qu , J. Rak , A. Rakotozafindrabe , I. Ravinovich , K. F. Read , K. Reygers , V. Riabov , Y. Riabov , E. Richardson , D. Roach , G. Roche , S. D. Rolnick , M. Rosati , C. A. Rosen , S. S. E. Rosendahl , P. Rosnet , P. Rukoyatkin , P. Ružička , B. Sahlmueller , N. Saito , T. Sakaguchi , K. Sakashita , V. Samsonov , S. Sano , T. Sato , S. Sawada , K. Sedgwick , J. Seele , R. Seidl , A. Yu. Semenov , R. Seto , D. Sharma , I. Shein , T. -A. Shibata , K. Shigaki , M. Shimomura , K. Shoji , P. Shukla , A. Sickles , C. L. Silva , D. Silvermyr , C. Silvestre , K. S. Sim , B. K. Singh , C. P. Singh , V. Singh , M. Slunečka , R. A. Soltz , W. E. Sondheim , S. P. Sorensen , I. V. Sourikova , N. A. Sparks , P. W. Stankus , E. Stenlund , S. P. Stoll , T. Sugitate , A. Sukhanov , J. Sziklai , E. M. Takagui , A. Taketani , R. Tanabe , Y. Tanaka , K. Tanida , M. J. Tannenbaum , S. Tarafdar , A. Taranenko , P. Tarján , H. Themann , T. L. Thomas , M. Togawa , A. Toia , L. Tomášek , H. Torii , R. S. Towell , I. Tserruya , Y. Tsuchimoto , C. Vale , H. Valle , H. W. van Hecke , E. Vazquez-Zambrano , A. Veicht , J. Velkovska , R. Vértesi , A. A. Vinogradov , M. Virius , V. Vrba , E. Vznuzdaev , X. R. Wang , D. Watanabe , K. Watanabe , Y. Watanabe , F. Wei , R. Wei , J. Wessels , S. N. White , D. Winter , J. P. Wood , C. L. Woody , R. M. Wright , M. Wysocki , W. Xie , Y. L. Yamaguchi , K. Yamaura , R. Yang , A. Yanovich , J. Ying , S. Yokkaichi , Z. You , G. R. Young , I. Younus , I. E. Yushmanov , W. A. Zajc , C. Zhang , S. Zhou , L. Zolin

The second and the third order anisotropic flow, $V_{2}$ and $V_3$, are determined by the corresponding initial spatial anisotropy coefficients, $\varepsilon_{2}$ and $\varepsilon_{3}$, in the initial density distribution. On the contrary,…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2018-01-03 You Zhou

The recently formulated framework of anisotropic hydrodynamics is used in 3+1 dimensions to study behavior of matter created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The model predictions for various hadronic observables show that the effects…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2013-05-14 W. Florkowski , M. Martinez , R. Ryblewski , M. Strickland

The notion of the "size" of nucleons and their constituents plays a pivotal role in the current paradigm of the formation and the fluctuations of the quark-gluon plasma produced in high-energy nuclear collision experiments. We report on…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2022-02-09 Giuliano Giacalone , Björn Schenke , Chun Shen

Isobaric collisions provide a unique opportunity to investigate how variations in the charge to mass ratio affect the final state observables produced in relativistic heavy ion collisions. Most importantly, isobaric systems that differ in…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-12-04 Amit Paul , Rupa Chatterjee

Using viscous relativistic hydrodynamics we show that systematic studies of the impact parameter dependence of the eccentricity scaled elliptic flow can distinguish between different models for the calculation of the initial source…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2009-12-30 Ulrich W. Heinz , J. Scott Moreland , Huichao Song

Fluctuations in the initial conditions for relativistic heavy ion collisions are proving to be crucial to understanding final state flow and jet quenching observables. The initial geometry has been parametrized in terms of moments in the…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2011-05-05 James L. Nagle , Michael P. McCumber

We evaluate the effects of preequilibrium dynamics on observables in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. We simulate the initial nonequilibrium phase within A MultiPhase Transport (AMPT) model, while the subsequent near-equilibrium…

Event-by-event hydrodynamic simulations of AA and pA collisions involve initial energy densities with large spatial gradients. This is associated with the presence of large Knudsen numbers ($K_n\approx 1$) at early times, which may lead one…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2016-11-23 Jacquelyn Noronha-Hostler , Jorge Noronha , Miklos Gyulassy

Decorrelation of the elliptic flow in rapidity is calculated within a hybrid approach which includes event-by-event viscous fluid dynamics and final state hadronic cascade model. The simulations are performed for Au+Au collisions at…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2021-08-04 Jakub Cimerman , Iurii Karpenko , Boris Tomášik , Barbara Antonina Trzeciak

The power spectrum of heavy ion collisions is investigated by studying initial state fluctuations on top of a smooth hydrodynamic flow. In particular, the stability of the location of the first minimum of the power spectrum and the…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2014-11-26 Tyler Gorda , Paul Romatschke

Anisotropic flow is recognized as one of the main observables providing information on the early stage of a heavy-ion collision. At RHIC the observed strong collective flow of the bulk matter is considered evidence for an early onset of…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2007-05-23 Raimond Snellings

We present a combined analysis of elliptic and triangular flow data from LHC and RHIC using viscous relativistic hydrodynamics. Elliptic flow $v_2$ in hydrodynamics is proportional to the participant eccentricity $\varepsilon_2$ and…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2015-02-10 Ekaterina Retinskaya , Matthew Luzum , Jean-Yves Ollitrault

I review recent developments in the field of relativistic hydrodynamics and its application to the bulk dynamics in heavy-ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy- Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In particular, I…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2015-05-28 Bjoern Schenke

Relativistic dissipative fluid dynamics is a common tool to describe the space-time evolution of the strongly interacting matter created in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. For a proper comparison to experimental data,…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2013-05-08 H. Niemi , G. S. Denicol , H. Holopainen , P. Huovinen

We propose a redefinition of the principal component analysis (PCA) of anisotropic flow that makes it more directly connected to fluctuations of the initial geometry of the system. Then, using state-of-the-art hydrodynamic simulations, we…

The success of hydrodynamics in high energy heavy-ion collisions leads to a flow paradigm, to understand the observed features of harmonic flow in terms of the medium collective expansion regarding initial state geometrical properties. In…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2018-04-18 Li Yan