Related papers: Who has seen a free photon?
We study a nonrelativistic system made of two quantum particles constrained to move on a line and a spin located at a fixed point of the line. Initially the two particles are in a maximally entangled state and the spin is down. The first…
The Robertson -- Schr\"{o}dinger, Heisenberg -- Robertson and Trifonov uncertainty relations for arbitrary two functions $f_{1}$ and $f_{2}$ depending on the quantum phase and the number of photons respectively, are given. Intelligent…
It is commonly assumed that zero and non-zero photon mass would lead to qualitatively different physics. For example, massless photon has two polarization degrees of freedom, while massive photon at least three. This feature seems…
Motivated mainly by the fact that no charged elementary particles having zero mass have been observed up to now, we investigate the question whether the mass of the elementary particles is connected with their electric charge and whether…
Optical experiments designed to explore quantum complementarity are reanalyzed. It is argued that, for each, a classical explanation is not only possible, but more coherent and less contrived. The final conclusion is that these experiments…
It is a well-known fact that helicity is a Lorentz-invariant for massless but not for massive particles. Nevertheless, a satisfactory proof of this fact and a detailed analysis on the relative orientation between spin and the momentum are…
In this work, inspired by the definition of the photon surface given by Claudel, Virbhadra, and Ellis, we give an alternative quasi-local definition to study the circular orbits of single-pole particles. This definition does not only apply…
The traditional interpretation of radiative emission and absorption asserts that photons are created and annihilated in such processes. A Gedanken experiment is considered in which kinetic energy from observed photons is systematically…
The polarization of final-state photons is a critical observable for probing the fundamental mechanisms of particle and nuclear interactions, providing insights into spin and parity structure that are inaccessible through cross-section…
It is suggested that a moving canonical particle interacts with a vacuum regarded as a "soft" cellular space. The interaction results into the emergence of elementary excitations of space - inertons - surrounding the particle. It is assumed…
In this study, the Majorana equation for particles with arbitrary spin is solved for a half-integer spin free particle. The solution for the fundamental state, corresponding to the reference frame in which the particle is at rest, is…
Entanglement is a fundamental feature of quantum theory as well as a key resource for quantum computing and quantum communication, but the entanglement mechanism has not been found at present. We think when the two subsystems exist…
The interaction between three photons is studied in de Sitter ambient space formalism. As a special case the half harmonic generator is considered, {\it i.e.} one photon decays to two same-energy photons. The scattering matrix elements are…
Photons are almost involved in each field of science and daily life of everyone. However, there are still some fundamental and puzzling questions such as what a photon is.The expressions of electromagnetic fields of a photon are here…
For the magnetic field in order of the Schwinger critical value or much larger it, the effective mass of a real photon with a preset polarization is investigated in the energy region including two lower creation thresholds of electron and…
We analyse the Anderson-Higgs mechanism of photon mass acquisition in a plasma and study the contribution to the mass from the orbital angular momentum acquired by a beam of photons when it crosses a spatially structured charge…
The oldest enigma in fundamental particle physics is: Where do the observed masses of elementary particles come from? Inspired by observation of the empirical particle mass spectrum we propose that the masses of elementary particles arise…
Quantum entanglement is central to both the foundations of quantum mechanics and the development of new technologies in information processing, communication, and sensing. Entanglement has been realised in a variety of physical systems,…
The law of balance of angular momentum is shown to imply the existence of absolute time, a fundamental physical quantity that is independent of the motion or position of the observer. Absolute time implies the notion of absolute…
Newton introduced the concept of mass in his {\it Principia} and gave an intuitive explanation for what it meant. Centuries have passed and physicists as well as philosophers still argue over its meaning. Three types of mass are generally…