Related papers: Who has seen a free photon?
It seems that the problem of finding a suitable position operator for photon has been solved in a recently published work which is based on a new commutation relation between position and momentum operators of massless particles[1].…
During the past century, the electromagnetic field momentum in material media has been under debate in the Abraham-Minkowski controversy as convincing arguments have been advanced in favor of both the Abraham and Minkowski forms of photon…
The definition of the photon in the vacuum of general relativity provided by Kermack et al. and by Synge is extended to nondispersive, nonhomogeneous, isotropic dielectrics in arbitrary motion by Hamiltonian methods that rely on Gordon's…
Here, the Abraham-Minkowski controversy on the correct definition of the light momentum in a macroscopic medium is revisited with the purpose to highlight that an effective medium formalism necessarily restricts the available information on…
Uncertainty relation for photons that overcomes the difficulties caused by the nonexistence of the photon position operator is derived in quantum electrodynamics. The photon energy density plays the role of the probability density in…
The status of the photon in the modern physics was analysed. Within the frames of the Standard Model of particle physics the photon is considered to be the genuine elementary particle, being to be the messenger of the electromagnetic…
The comparison of the polarization and spin of light is presented in the paper. It is shown that it is more easier and clearer to use the polarization of the light to explain the effect of the interaction of light and atoms than that of…
In this paper, we have proposed the spiron equation of free and non-free photon, and give the spin operator and spin wave function of photon. We calculate the helicity of photon and prove there are left-handed and right-handed photon. By…
In the last decade, much theoretical research has focused on studying the strong coupling between organic molecules (or quantum emitters, in general) and light modes. The description and prediction of polaritonic phenomena emerging in this…
According to the scientific literature, the momentum of a photon in a simple linear dielectric is either $\hbar\omega/(nc)$ or $n\hbar\omega/c$ with a unit vector ${\bf \hat e}_k$ in the direction of propagation. These momentums are…
A first quantized free photon is a complex massless vector field $A=(A^\mu)$ whose field strength satisfies Maxwell's equations in vacuum. We construct the Hilbert space $\mathscr{H}$ of the photon by endowing the vector space of the fields…
In this paper, I introduce two new concepts (Minkowski quasi-photon and invariance of physical definitions) to elucidate the theory developed in my previous work [Can. J. Phys. 93, 1510 (2015)], and to clarify the criticisms by Partanen and…
A relativistically invariant expression for the number of photons in free classical electromagnetic field through the currents, that created the field, is derived based on the formula for the total energy--momentum of the field. It is…
We second quantize the Fermi Lagrangian in the Lorenz gauge to obtain a covariant theory of photon quantum mechanics. Number density is real so it is interpreted as position probability density. The Hilbert space is the vector space of…
Different theoretical and experimental aspects of electromagnetic phenomena in media is reviewed. The 100 year old Minkowski theory is in agreement with most experiments, but has theoretical problems related to its implied validity in all…
By restating geometrical optics within the field-theoretical approach, the classical concept of a photon (and, more generally, any elementary excitation) in arbitrary dispersive medium is introduced, and photon properties are calculated…
An antisymmetric tensor, the photon tensor, is defined for the description of the photon as a massless relativistic particle. The photon can be visualized as an essentially two dimensional rotating object. The quantum mechanical description…
In this article the concept of mass is analyzed based on the special and general relativity theories and particle (quantum) physics. The mass of a particle (m=E(0)/c^2) is determined by the minimum (rest) energy to create that particle…
This paper gives a constructive answer to the question whether photon states can contain or not, and to what extent, the readings of rulers and clocks. The paper first shows explicitly that, along with the momentum representation, there is…
We derive from first principles the momentum exchange between a photon and a quantum mirror upon reflection, by considering the boundary conditions imposed by the mirror surface on the photon wave equation. We show that the system generally…