Related papers: Quantization of the free electromagnetic field imp…
All elementary particles in nature can be classified as fermions with half-integer spin and bosons with integer spin. Within quantum electrodynamics (QED), even though the spin of the Dirac particle is well defined, there exist open…
In this and companion papers, we show that quantum field theories with gauge symmetries permit a broader class of classical dynamics than typically assumed. In this article, we show that the quantization of electromagnetism permits the…
We consider free electrons in rectangular quantum dots, with either hard wall boundary conditions or anharmonic confinement. In both cases, due to finite size effects, a homogeneous electric field applied along one of the rectangular axis…
We discuss the Heisenberg-Wigner phase-space formalism in quantum electrodynamics as well as scalar quantum electrodynamics with respect to transverse fields. In regard to the special characteristics of such field types we derive modified…
We introduce the Wigner functional representing a quantum field in terms of the field amplitudes and their conjugate momenta. The equation of motion for the functional of a scalar field point out the relevance of solutions of the classical…
Classical physics is reformulated as a constrained Hamiltonian system in the history phase space. Dynamics, i.e. the Euler-Lagrange equations, play the role of first-class constraints. This allows us to apply standard methods from the…
The diagonalization of the metrical and canonical Hamilton operators of a scalar field with an arbitrary coupling, with a curvature in N-dimensional homogeneous isotropic space is considered in this paper. The energy spectrum of the…
We formulate quantum mechanics in the two-dimensional torus without using position operators. We define an algebra with only momentum operators and shift operators and construct irreducible representation of the algebra. We show that it…
We compute the angular momentum of the electromagnetic field on a late time Cauchy surface with an arbitrary constant normal vector relevant for the classical scattering of charged particles. We find a time independent contribution to the…
The flux of angular momentum in electromagnetism cannot be expressed entirely in terms of the field's radiative degrees of freedom. Its expression also involves Coulombic pieces of the field, in the form of a charge aspect $q(\theta,\phi)$,…
A set of gauge transformations of a relativistic field of quantum harmonic oscillators is studied in a mathematically rigorous manner. Each wave function in the domain of the number operator of a single oscillator generates a…
We present a theory of quantized radiation fields described in terms of q-deformed harmonic oscillators. The creation and annihilation operators satisfy deformed commutation relations and the Fock space of states is constructed in this…
Quantization of electromagnetic fields is investigated in the framework of stochastic variational method (SVM). Differently from the canonical quantization, this method does not require canonical form and quantization can be performed…
In this paper, we will assume that the structure picture of the rotation angles will be changed according to the scale of measurement (minimum measurable angle) and if we have a device with very high accuracy (high resolution) then we can…
It is argued that the massive non-Abelian gauge field theory without involving Higgs bosons may be well established on the basis of gauge-invariance principle because the dynamics of the field is gauge-invariant in the physical space…
A four-vector field in flat space-time, satisfying a gauge-invariant set of second-order differential equations, is considered as a unified field. The model variational principle corresponds to the general covariance idea and gives rise to…
By following closely Weinberg's soft theorem, which captures the $1/\omega$ pole contribution to the amplitude for soft graviton emissions ($\omega<\Lambda$) on top of an arbitrary background hard process, we calculate the expectation value…
Various electromagnetic systems can carry an angular momentum in their {\bf E} and {\bf B} fields. The electromagnetic field angular momentum (EMAM) of these systems can combine with the spin angular momentum to give composite fermions or…
Gauge transformation leaves the electric and the magnetic fields unchanged as long as the gauge function is treated classically. In this paper we consider the gauge transformation commonly used to obtain the electric dipole interaction…
Considering a fluctuating scalar field on momentum space, some relativistic statistical field theories are constructed. A Hilbert space of observables is then constructed from functionals of the fluctuating scalar field with an inner…