Related papers: Vector potential, electromagnetic induction and "p…
In treatments of electromagnetism, it is often tacitly assumed that the vector potentials of the field and their conjugate momenta satisfy the canonical Poisson bracket relations, despite the fact that the components of the vector potential…
It is generally expected from intuition that the electromagnetic force exerted on a charged particle should remain unchanged when observed in different reference frames in uniform translational motion. In the special relativity, this…
We derive an analytic solution for the electromagnetic vector potential in any gauge directly from Maxwell's equations for potentials for an arbitrary time-dependent charge-current distribution. No gauge condition is used in the derivation.…
Vector and scalar potential formulation is valid from quantum theory to classical electromagnetics. The rapid development in quantum optics calls for electromagnetic solutions that straddle quantum physics as well as classical physics. The…
It has been suggested that the magnetic Aharonov-Bohm effect can be interpreted equally well as being due to a phase shift associated with an electron in an interferometer enclosing a magnetic flux, or as a phase shift associated with the…
The interaction between a quantum charge and a dynamic source of a magnetic field is considered in the Aharonov-Bohm scenario. It is shown that, in weak interactions with a post-selection of the source, the effective vector potential is,…
Defining the electric and magnetic field vectors in curved spacetime requires a proper choice of the observer's frame four-vector. Related literature shows that this fundamental issue in physics still needs to be properly resolved. In…
The Lorentz force law of classical electrodynamics states that the force F exerted by the magnetic induction B on a particle of charge q moving with velocity V is given by F=qVxB. Since this force is orthogonal to the direction of motion,…
The Lorentz force law of classical electrodynamics requires the introduction of hidden energy and hidden momentum in situations where an electric field acts on a magnetic material. In contrast, the Einstein-Laub formulation does not invoke…
The electromagnetic energy-momentum of a moving charged spherical capacitor may be calculated by a 4-vector Lorentz transformation from the energy in the rest frame. However, energy-momentum of the moving system computed directly from…
Maxwell equations provide a complete description of the electromagnetic (EM) phenomena, which have been one of the key fundamental-theories of modern physics, such as electromagnetism, optics, quantum theories, etc. The vacuum permittivity…
The importance of the potential is revealed in a newly discovered effect of the potential. This paper explore the same issue introduced in quant-ph/9506038 from several different aspects including electron optics and relativity. Some people…
The field equations for gravitation and electromagnetism with sources in four dimensions can be interpreted as arising from the vacuum Einstein equations in five dimensions. Gauge invariance of the electromagnetic potentials leads to a…
It is well understood that various alternatives are available within EM theory for the definitions of energy density, momentum transfer, EM stress-energy tensor, and so forth. Although the various options are all compatible with the basic…
The causal interpretation of quantum mechanics, as originally stated by deBroglie and Bohm, had several attractive features. Among these is the possibility that it could address some of the most fundamental questions on quantum phenomena.…
We show that there exists a choice of gauge in which the electromagnetic 4-potential may be written as the difference of two 4-velocity vector fields describing the motion of a two-component space-filling relativistic fluid. Maxwell's…
It is shown that a well-defined expression for the total electromagnetic force $f^{em}$ on a point charge source of the classical electromagnetic field can be extracted from the postulate of total momentum conservation whenever the…
We argue that the definition of the thermodynamic work done on a charged particle by a time-dependent electromagnetic field is an open problem, because the particle's Hamiltonian is not gauge-invariant. The solution of this problem demands…
Separation of the spin and orbital angular momenta of the electromagnetic field has been discussed frequently in recent years. The spin and orbital angular momenta cannot be made simultaneously gauge invariant and Lorentz covariant and are…
A definition of gravitational energy is proposed for any theory described by a diffeomorphism-invariant Lagrangian. The mathematical structure is a Noether- current construction of Wald involving the boundary term in the action, but here it…