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Quantifying the usefulness of individual features in random forests learning can greatly enhance its interpretability. Existing studies have shown that some popularly used feature importance measures for random forests suffer from the bias…
In this paper the generalization of the Poisson distribution is derived for the case when each consecutive event changes event rate. A simple formula for the probability of observing of a given number of events for the selected period of…
Consider a measurement in which the current coming out of a mesoscopic sample is filtered around a given frequency, amplified, measured and squared. Then this process is repeated many times and the results are averaged. Often, two such…
When individuals participating in a randomized trial differ with respect to the distribution of effect modifiers compared compared with the target population where the trial results will be used, treatment effect estimates from the trial…
Indications of a possible composition-dependent fifth force, based on a reanalysis of the E\"{o}tv\"{o}s experiment, have not been supported by a number of modern experiments. Here, we argue that searching for a composition-dependent fifth…
Summary statistics of the likelihood, such as the Bayesian evidence, offer a principled way of comparing models and assessing tension between, or within, the results of physical experiments. Noisy realisations of the data induce scatter in…
Recurrence analysis is a well settled method allowing to discern chaos from order, and determinism from noise. We apply this tool to study time series representing geodesic and inspiraling motion of a test particle in a deformed Kerr…
Randomized trials are considered the gold standard for making informed decisions in medicine, yet they often lack generalizability to the patient populations in clinical practice. Observational studies, on the other hand, cover a broader…
Oversubscribed treatments are often allocated using randomized waiting lists. Applicants are ranked randomly, and treatment offers are made following that ranking until all seats are filled. To estimate causal effects, researchers often…
Linear mixed-effects models are widely used in analyzing clustered or repeated measures data. We propose a quasi-likelihood approach for estimation and inference of the unknown parameters in linear mixed-effects models with high-dimensional…
The occurrence of successive extreme observations can have an impact on society. In extreme value theory there are parameters to evaluate the effect of clustering of high values, such as the extremal index. The estimation of the extremal…
Bayesian, classical, and extended maximum likelihood approaches to estimation of upper limits in experiments with small numbers of signal events are surveyed. The discussion covers only experiments whose outcomes are well described by a…
Odd-even effects, also known as "staggering" effects, are a common feature observed in the yield distributions of fragments produced in different types of nuclear reactions. We review old methods, and we propose new ones, for a quantitative…
Consider a target moving with a constant velocity on a unit-circumference circle, starting from an arbitrary location. To acquire the target, any region of the circle can be probed for its presence, but the associated measurement noise…
The von Neumann interaction between a particle and an apparatus has been considered in the measurement of the position of a particle when the interaction lasts for a finite amount of time. When the measurement has finite duration, both the…
A common situation in experimental physics is to have a signal which can not be separated from a non-interfering background through the use of any cut. In this paper, we describe a procedure for determining, on an event-by-event basis, a…
A different general philosophy, to be called Full Randomness (FR), for the analysis of random effects models is presented, involving a notion of reducing or preferably eliminating fixed effects, at least formally. For example, under FR…
The difference Delta F between free energies has applications in biology, chemistry, and pharmacology. The value of Delta F can be estimated from experiments or simulations, via fluctuation theorems developed in statistical mechanics.…
We describe a statistical hypothesis test for the presence of a signal based on the likelihood ratio statistic. We derive the test for a case of interest and also show that for that case the test works very well, even far out in the tails…
The quantum analogue of Galileo's leaning tower experiment is revisited using wave packets evolving under the gravitational potential. We first calculate the position detection probabilities for particles projected upwards against gravity…