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The problem of packing a system of particles as densely as possible is foundational in the field of discrete geometry and is a powerful model in the material and biological sciences. As packing problems retreat from the reach of solution by…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2012-12-18 Yoav Kallus , Veit Elser , Simon Gravel

Circles of a single size can pack together densely in a hexagonal lattice, but adding in size variety disrupts the order of those packings. We conduct simulations which generate dense random packings of circles with specified size…

Computational Physics · Physics 2024-06-18 David J. Meer , Isabela Galoustian , Julio Gabriel de Falco Manuel , Eric R. Weeks

A lattice in Euclidean $d$-space is called well-rounded if it contains $d$ linearly independent vectors of minimal length. This class of lattices is important for various questions, including sphere packing or homology computations. The…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2019-06-25 Michael Baake , Rudolf Scharlau , Peter Zeiner

Particle packing problems have fascinated people since the dawn of civilization, and continue to intrigue mathematicians and scientists. Resurgent interest has been spurred by the recent proof of Kepler's conjecture: the face-centered cubic…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2010-01-05 Aleksandar Donev , Frank H. Stillinger , P. M. Chaikin , Salvatore Torquato

Packing problems have been of great interest in many diverse contexts for many centuries. The optimal packing of identical objects has been often invoked to understand the nature of low temperature phases of matter. In celebrated work,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-13 Antonio Trovato , Trinh X. Hoang , Jayanth R. Banavar , Amos Maritan

We consider the problem of packing congruent circles with the maximum radius in a unit square as a mathematical optimization problem. Due to the presence of non-overlapping constraints, this problem is a notoriously difficult nonconvex…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-04-05 Aida Khajavirad

Proving the universal optimality of the hexagonal lattice is one of the big open challenges of nowadays mathematics. We show that the hexagonal lattice outperforms certain "natural" classes of periodic configurations. Also, we rule out the…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2024-12-24 Markus Faulhuber , Irina Shafkulovska , Ilia Zlotnikov

We consider the problem of constructing dense lattices of R^n with a given automorphism group. We exhibit a family of such lattices of density at least cn/2^n, which matches, up to a multiplicative constant, the best known density of a…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2007-07-08 Philippe Gaborit , Gilles Zemor

In this work we propose a heuristic algorithm for the layout optimization for disks installed in a rotating circular container. This is a unequal circle packing problem with additional balance constraints. It proved to be an NP-hard…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2016-09-13 Washington Alves de Oliveira , Luiz Leduino de Salles Neto , Antonio Carlos Moretti , Ednei Felix Reis

We consider packings of congruent circles on a square flat torus, i.e., periodic (w.r.t. a square lattice) planar circle packings, with the maximal circle radius. This problem is interesting due to a practical reason - the problem of "super…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2016-07-21 Oleg R. Musin , Anton V. Nikitenko

We prove explicit stability estimates for the sphere packing problem in dimensions 8 and 24, showing that, in the lattice case, if a lattice is $\sim \varepsilon$ close to satisfying the optimal density, then it is, in a suitable sense,…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2024-01-11 Károly J. Böröczky , Danylo Radchenko , João P. G. Ramos

We study the optimal packing of hard spheres in an infinitely long cylinder, using simulated annealing, and compare our results with the analogous problem of packing disks on the unrolled surface of a cylinder. The densest structures are…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2015-06-04 A. Mughal , H. K. Chan , D. Weaire , S. Hutzler

Let $L \subset {\Bbb R}^3$ be the union of unit balls, whose centres lie on the $z$-axis, and are equidistant with distance $2d \in [2, 2\sqrt{2}]$. Then a packing of unit balls in ${\Bbb R}^3$ consisting of translates of $L$ has a density…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2017-06-19 K. Böröczky , A. Heppes , E. Makai

Peter Doyle conjectured that locally univalent circle packings on the hexagonal lattice only consist of regular hexagonal packings and Doyle spirals, which is called the Doyle conjecture. In this paper, we prove a rigidity theorem for Doyle…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2024-04-18 Bobo Hua , Puchun Zhou

Circle packings are arrangement of circles satisfying specified tangency requirements. Many problems about packing of circles and spheres occur in nature particularly in material design and protein structure. Surprisingly, little is known…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2025-09-03 Robert Connelly , Zhen Zhang

We formulate the problem of generating dense packings of nonoverlapping, non-tiling polyhedra within an adaptive fundamental cell subject to periodic boundary conditions as an optimization problem, which we call the Adaptive Shrinking Cell…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2015-05-14 S. Torquato , Y. Jiao

We study the two-dimensional hierarchical rectangle packing problem, motivated by applications in analog integrated circuit layout, facility layout, and logistics. Unlike classical strip or bin packing, the dimensions of the container are…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Josef Grus , Zdeněk Hanzálek , Christian Artigues , Cyrille Briand , Emmanuel Hebrard

The classical sphere packing problem asks for the best (infinite) arrangement of non-overlapping unit balls which cover as much space as possible. We define a generalized version of the problem, where we allow each ball a limited amount of…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2014-01-03 Mabel Iglesias-Ham , Michael Kerber , Caroline Uhler

We study dense packings of a large number of congruent non-overlapping circles inside a square by looking for configurations which maximize the packing density, defined as the ratio between the area occupied by the disks and the area of the…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2022-05-23 Paolo Amore , Tenoch Morales

We study the sphere packing problem in Euclidean space where we impose additional constraints on the separations of the center points. We prove that any sphere packing in dimension $48$, with spheres of radii $r$, such that no two centers…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-03-05 Felipe Gonçalves , Guilherme Vedana