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This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of quantization techniques for optimizing Large Language Models (LLMs), specifically focusing on Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) and Quantization-Aware Training (QAT). Through empirical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Jahid Hasan

Bit error rate (BER) prediction over channel realisations has emerged as an active research area. In this paper, we give analytical signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) evaluation of MIMO-OFDM systems using an iterative receiver.…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2008-09-30 Youssef Nasser , Jean-François Hélard , Matthieu Crussière

Specific low-bitrate coding strategies are examined through their effect on LQ control performance. By limiting the subject to these methods, we are able to identify principles underlying coding for control; a subject of significant recent…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-04-09 Behrooz Amini , Robert R. Bitmead

In many practical communication systems, one binary encoder/decoder pair is used to communicate over a set of parallel channels. Examples of this setup include multi-carrier transmission, rate-compatible puncturing of turbo-like codes, and…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Christian Häger , Alexandre Graell i Amat , Alex Alvarado , Fredrik Brännström , Erik Agrell

As the size of large language models (LLMs) continues to grow, model compression without sacrificing accuracy has become a crucial challenge for deployment. While some quantization methods, such as GPTQ, have made progress in achieving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Liang Li , Qingyuan Li , Bo Zhang , Xiangxiang Chu

In this paper, by treating Reed-Muller (RM) codes as a special class of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes and assuming that sub-blocks of the parity-check matrix are randomly interleaved to each other as Gallager's codes, we present a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Xiao Ma

Bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) is a practical approach for reliable communication over the AWGN channel in the bandwidth limited regime. For a signal point constellation with 2^m points, BICM labels the signal points with bit…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2012-06-04 Georg Böcherer , Fabian Altenbach , Alex Alvarado , Steven Corroy , Rudolf Mathar

In this paper, the spectral efficiency of permutation modulation-based multiple input multiple output (MIMO) visible light communication is improved using systematically designed, multiweight codeword matrices. Soft-decision, low-complexity…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-01 Oluwafemi Kolade , Ling Cheng

Several post-training quantization methods have been applied to large language models (LLMs), and have been shown to perform well down to 8-bits. We find that these methods break down at lower bit precision, and investigate quantization…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Zechun Liu , Barlas Oguz , Changsheng Zhao , Ernie Chang , Pierre Stock , Yashar Mehdad , Yangyang Shi , Raghuraman Krishnamoorthi , Vikas Chandra

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in NLP, but their demands hinder their widespread deployment. While Quantization-Aware Training (QAT) offers a solution, its extensive training costs make Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) a more practical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Jing Liu , Ruihao Gong , Xiuying Wei , Zhiwei Dong , Jianfei Cai , Bohan Zhuang

The optimal decoder achieving the outage capacity under imperfect channel estimation is investigated. First, by searching into the family of nearest neighbor decoders, which can be easily implemented on most practical coded modulation…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-15 Pablo Piantanida , Sajad Sadough , Pierre Duhamel

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems have been widely acclaimed in order to provide high data rates. Recently Lattice Reduction (LR) aided detectors have been proposed to achieve near Maximum Likelihood (ML) performance with low…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-02-22 Mehnaz Rahman , Gwan S. Choi

This paper presents enhanced receiver metrics for joint estimation-detection in short blocklength transmissions, addressing scenarios with unknown channel state information and low or sparse training resource density. We show that it is…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Mody Sy , Raymond Knopp

Applications of massive machine-type communications, such as sensor networks, smart metering, 'internet-of-things', or process and factory automation, are forecast to have great economic impact in the next five to ten years. Low-complexity…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-02-28 Joachim Neu

Pretrained large language models (LLMs) exhibit exceptional general language processing capabilities but come with significant demands on memory and computational resources. As a powerful compression technology, binarization can extremely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Wei Huang , Yangdong Liu , Haotong Qin , Ying Li , Shiming Zhang , Xianglong Liu , Michele Magno , Xiaojuan Qi

Scalar post-training quantizers discard pairwise coordinate structure within weight rows. We introduce QAM-W (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation for Weights), a codec that recovers this structure: each row is L2-normalized, block-Hadamard…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Preetam Sharma , Kacper Dobek

Despite the superior performance, Large Language Models~(LLMs) require significant computational resources for deployment and use. To overcome this issue, quantization methods have been widely applied to reduce the memory footprint of LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Peiyu Liu , Zikang Liu , Ze-Feng Gao , Dawei Gao , Wayne Xin Zhao , Yaliang Li , Bolin Ding , Ji-Rong Wen

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable advancements in natural language processing, showcasing exceptional performance across various tasks. However, the expensive memory and computational requirements present significant…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Ruihao Gong , Yifu Ding , Zining Wang , Chengtao Lv , Xingyu Zheng , Jinyang Du , Haotong Qin , Jinyang Guo , Michele Magno , Xianglong Liu

Reed-Muller (RM) codes exhibit good performance under maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding due to their highly-symmetric structure. In this paper, we explore the question of whether the code symmetry of RM codes can also be exploited to achieve…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-04-30 Elia Santi , Christian Häger , Henry D. Pfister

Deep learning-based autoencoders have been employed to compress and reconstruct channel state information (CSI) in frequency-division duplex systems. Practical implementations require judicious quantization of encoder outputs for digital…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-12 Manru Yin , Shengqian Han , Chenyang Yang